provoke (to anger)

The Hebrew, Greek, and Ge’ez that is translated as “provoke (to anger)” in English is translated in Newari as “causing one’s anger to come out” (source: Newari Back Translation).

addressing God

Translators of different languages have found different ways with what kind of formality God is addressed.

Like many languages (but unlike Greek or Hebrew or modern English), Tuvan uses a formal vs. informal 2nd person pronoun (a familiar vs. a respectful “you”). Unlike other languages that have this feature, however, the translators of the Tuvan Bible have attempted to be very consistent in using the different forms of address in every case a 2nd person pronoun has to be used in the translation of the biblical text.

As Voinov shows in Pronominal Theology in Translating the Gospels (in: The Bible Translator 2002, p. 210ff. ), the choice to use either of the pronouns many times involved theological judgment. While the formal pronoun can signal personal distance or a social/power distance between the speaker and addressee, the informal pronoun can indicate familiarity or social/power equality between speaker and addressee.

In these verses, in which humans address God, the informal, familiar pronoun is used that communicates closeness.

Voinov notes that “in the Tuvan Bible, God is only addressed with the informal pronoun. No exceptions. An interesting thing about this is that I’ve heard new Tuvan believers praying with the formal form to God until they are corrected by other Christians who tell them that God is close to us so we should address him with the informal pronoun. As a result, the informal pronoun is the only one that is used in praying to God among the Tuvan church.”

In Gbaya, “a superior, whether father, uncle, or older brother, mother, aunt, or older sister, president, governor, or chief, is never addressed in the singular unless the speaker intends a deliberate insult. When addressing the superior face to face, the second person plural pronoun ɛ́nɛ́ or ‘you (pl.)’ is used, similar to the French usage of vous.

Accordingly, the translators of the current version of the Gbaya Bible chose to use the plural ɛ́nɛ́ to address God. There are a few exceptions. In Psalms 86:8, 97:9, and 138:1, God is addressed alongside other “gods,” and here the third person pronoun o is used to avoid confusion about who is being addressed. In several New Testament passages (Matthew 21:23, 26:68, 27:40, Mark 11:28, Luke 20:2, 23:37, as well as in Jesus’ interaction with Pilate and Jesus’ interaction with the Samaritan woman at the well) the less courteous form for Jesus is used to indicate ignorance of his position or mocking.” (Source Philip Noss)

In the most recent Manchu translation of 1835 (a revision of an earlier edition from 1822), God is never addressed with a pronoun but with “father” (ama /ᠠᠮᠠ) instead. Chengcheng Liu (in this post on the Cambridge Centre for Chinese Theology blog ) explains: “In Manchu tradition, as in Chinese etiquette, second-person pronouns could be considered disrespectful when speaking to superiors or spiritual beings. Manchu Shamanist prayers avoided si [‘you’] and sini [‘your’] for this very reason. To use them for God would be, in Lipovzoff’s [one of the two translators] words, ‘the most uncouth and indecent way to speak to the Almighty — as if He were a servant or slave.’ There was also a grammatical problem. In Manchu, si and sini could refer to both singular and plural subjects. For a faith that insisted on the singularity of God, this was potentially confusing. By contrast, repeating ama removed any ambiguity.”

In Dutch, Afrikaans, Gronings, and Western Frisian translations, God is always addressed with the formal pronoun.

See also formal pronoun: disciples addressing Jesus, female second person singular pronoun in Psalms.

Translation commentary on The Prayer of Manasseh 1:10

I am weighted down with many an iron fetter: See Psa 107.10-16, but also 2 Chr 33.11, where Manasseh is a captive in chains. The description may be metaphorical, or the writer may be giving us a picture of the king in real chains. It could be both. Good News Translation makes it metaphorical (more likely) with the pronoun “its” referring back to “my sin” in the previous line. But Good News Translation has transposed lines 1 and 2. Translators are urged to consider this line as referring to actual chains (see the model below).

So that I am rejected because of my sins: Revised Standard Version and Good News Translation (with its frank note that the Greek is not clear) as well as New English Bible are trying—somewhat desperately—to wrest some sense from the Greek text in Rahlfs’ edition. The basic meaning of the verb here in Greek is to “lift up,” and is used of a gesture of refusal; hence it comes to mean “deny, reject, refuse.” This Handbook suggests translators follow a slightly different Greek text here (found in the New Revised Standard Version footnote), which reads “so that I cannot raise my head.” This is not only the text in one of the major Greek witnesses to the Greek text, but it is also the reading of the Syriac. A model then, for the first three lines of this verse, would be:

Bowed down by heavy iron chains,
I cannot raise my head;
I can find no relief.

This fits very nicely with the last lines of verse 9. With the line “I cannot raise my head,” a footnote would be appropriate: “I cannot raise my head: some manuscripts have a different text, but its meaning is unclear.” (Please note that the phrase translated because of my sins in Revised Standard Version is part of the reading being rejected here; if the alternative text is read, as suggested, that phrase should not be part of the translation.)

For I have provoked thy wrath and have done what is evil in thy sight: “I have made you angry” in Good News Translation apparently combines both clauses here into one; it is a weak approximation to the writer’s heartfelt lament. “I have made you angry by the evil things I have done” would surely be better, especially since the writer is now about to name some of the evil things.

Setting up abominations and multiplying offenses: Good News Translation, Contemporary English Version, and New English Bible are correct in interpreting abominations as idols; see 2 Chr 33.2-3. Contemporary English Version makes the meaning of abominations even clearer with “disgusting idols.” The Greek word translated offenses is literally “hateful things.” Good News Translation renders multiplying offenses as “I have done what you hate,” and New English Bible has “piling sin on sin” (which Revised English Bible has changed to “multiplying offences,” exactly the same as Revised Standard Version). Something is being overlooked here, however. The word translated offenses is almost surely a parallel term to the word translated abominations. Compare its use in the Greek of 2 Kgs 23.13, where Revised Standard Version translates the Hebrew as “abomination.” Read 2 Chr 33.2-9 for a list of some of Manasseh’s actions, which included not just erecting idols and altars to other gods, but even offering his own sons as human sacrifices, and practicing sorcery. All this is surely what the composer of this prayer has in mind, and it would be legitimate to render this line something like this: “I set up disgusting idols, and did one horrible thing after another.” In this model the verb “set” is past tense. The purpose of “one … after another” is to catch the force of multiplying.

Quoted with permission from Bullard, Roger A. and Hatton, Howard A. A Handbook on The Shorter Books of the Deuterocanon. (UBS Helps for Translators). New York: UBS, 2006. For this and other handbooks for translators see