The Lake Rush Scirpus lacustris and the Soft Rush Juncus effusus are two of many types of rush (or sedge) that grow in swampy areas of the Mediterranean area.
Rushes do not have leaves. They are stalks that grow in sandy, waterside soil. They reach a meter (3 feet) or less in height. Tiny flowers form in clusters on the side of the stalk below the top.
Rushes were used for the walls and partitions of homes, as well as for mats and baskets.
There are at least two hundred species of Juncus. Translators who live near streams will have no problem finding types of rush that will be close or equivalent to the biblical types. Elsewhere, translators can use “tall plant that grows in water.” In the rhetorical context of Isaiah 58:5 (“bow down his head like a rush”), a translator can substitute a plant that suits the description of “bowing down.”
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Like a number of other East Asian languages, Japanese uses a complex system of honorifics, i.e. a system where a number of different levels of politeness are expressed in language via words, word forms or grammatical constructs. These can range from addressing someone or referring to someone with contempt (very informal) to expressing the highest level of reference (as used in addressing or referring to God) or any number of levels in-between.
One way Japanese shows different degree of politeness is through the choice of a first person singular and plural pronoun (“I” and “we” and its various forms) as shown here in the widely-used Japanese Shinkaiyaku (新改訳) Bible of 2017. The most commonly used watashi/watakushi (私) is typically used when the speaker is humble and asking for help. In these verses, where God / Jesus is referring to himself, watashi is also used but instead of the kanji writing system (私) the syllabary hiragana (わたし) is used to distinguish God from others.
I will not keep silence concerning his limbs begins a detailed description of Leviathan. Will not keep silence may be rendered positively; for example, “I will tell you about” or “I will describe to you.” Limbs is the same word used in 18.13 and is best translated as “legs,” as in Good News Translation and others. However, Pope connects the word for limbs with “boasting,” as in 11.3 (“mocking”), but this removes the line as an introduction to the physical description of Leviathan.
Or his mighty strength, or his goodly frame is literally “and the word of might and the grace of arrangement.” The first of these two phrases may be rendered, according to Hebrew Old Testament Text Project, as “the details of his exploits,” which we may translate as “the great deeds he has done” or “the brave things he has done.” The second description seems to apply to the frame or form of the animal. The word translated as goodly occurs nowhere else in the Old Testament, but it is generally thought to be connected to a similar word meaning “grace.” Dhorme changes the expression to get “his incomparable might,” and New Jerusalem Bible follows this with “his matchless strength.” Interpreters have questioned the idea that a crocodile could be considered graceful (if Leviathan is a crocodile). However, the important thing is what the poet thought, whether he had ever seen a crocodile or not. Good News Translation combines the two statements into line b as “how great and strong he is.” New International Version may be closer to the poet’s intention, with “his strength and his graceful form.” Verse 12 may also be expressed, for example, “I will tell you about Leviathan’s legs, and about the great things he has done, and how graceful he is.”
Quoted with permission from Reyburn, Wiliam. A Handbook on Job. (UBS Helps for Translators). New York: UBS, 1992. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .
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