The name that is transliterated as “Arphaxad” or “Arpachshad” in English means “one that releases,” “a jar pouring forth,” “I shall fail at the breast.” (Source: Cornwall / Smith 1997 )
In Libras (Brazilian Sign Language) it is translated with a sign that suggests “expansion of people.” Arphaxad is the grandson of Noah and is known for being a pioneer in the expansion of people. (Source: Missão Kophós )
The Hebrew and Greek that is transliterated as “Shem” in English is translated in Spanish Sign Language with a sign that signifies “Arab,” referring to the fact that Shem traditionally is seen as the forefather of Semitic people, including Abraham and his descendants (see Genesis 11:26 et al.)(Source: Steve Parkhurst)
Note that the terms “Semite” and “Semitic” are derived from “Shem.”
Elam: this name refers to a people of great antiquity in Babylonia and northeast of the Persian Gulf, whose capital was Susa. Their language is not related to either Semitic or Indo-European languages. They are mentioned in Assyrian inscriptions and in Gen 14.1; Isa 11.11; and elsewhere.
Asshur is the Hebrew word for Assyria. See verse 11.
Arpachshad is mentioned only here and in the parallel passage in 1 Chr 1. Its significance and location have never been established for certain.
Lud: referred to as “Ludim” under verse 13. Speiser says “The name seems to point to the Lydians of Anatolia.”
Aram refers to the Arameans, a powerful state or group of states that struggled with Israel for control of the area. They are mentioned frequently in the Old Testament; for example, in Num 23.7; 2 Sam 8.6; 1 Chr 1.17. Their kingdom was once in Damascus. Through their influence the Aramaic language became a language of commerce and diplomacy.
Quoted with permission from Reyburn, William D. and Fry, Euan McG. A Handbook on Genesis. (UBS Helps for Translators). New York: UBS, 1997. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .
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