enumeration of rivers

The Hebrew that is translated as an enumeration of four rivers (“the second river,” “the third river,” and “the fourth river”) in English is translated in Themne with equivalents of a repetition of “the other,” which matches stylistic requirements in Themne. (Source: David Cranmer in The Bible Translator 1982, p. 219ff. )

Sarai / Sarah

The Hebrew and Greek that is transliterated as “Sarai” and “Sarah” in English is translated in Spanish Sign Language with the sign depicting coins on a headband, referring to women from the Middle East and North Africa who wear a headband decorated with small coins. (Source: Steve Parkhurst)


“Sarai” and “Sarah” in Spanish Sign Language, source: Sociedad Bíblica de España

Learn more on Bible Odyssey: Sarah .

For more information on translations of proper names with sign language see Sign Language Bible Translations Have Something to Say to Hearing Christians .

Genesis 2 in Jamaican Sign Language

Following is the translation of Genesis 2 into Jamaican Sign Language:


Source: Jamaican Sign Language Bible Translation


2:1 God had finished creating the heavens and the earth and everything in them. This took seven days, so God worked for seven days creating the heavens and the earth and all the things He placed in them.

2:2 On the seventh day God rested.

2:3 God blessed the seventh day as His own special day. Why? Because he had completed His work creating the heavens and the earth and on this day He rested.

2:4 So that is it.

The heavens and the earth were created by Yahweh a very long time ago. This story is about what happened afterwards.

2:5 The earth had not yet grown green grass or trees. Why? Because Yahweh had not yet made it rain on the earth. There was also no one to sow the land and take care of the plants.

2:6 From deep within the earth, water sprang up and spread over the ground [mud]. This was used to create human.

2:7 Yahweh took this mud from the ground and formed a human. And Yahweh breathed life into the human and he inhaled and became living.

2:8 In the east, Yahweh planted a garden, He named this garden Eden. Then Yahweh took the human he created and placed him in the garden.

2:9 In the garden there were beautiful trees of every different kind that all produced fruits that were good to eat. Among all these trees stood one tree in the middle of the garden that was the tree of life. Next to it was the tree of knowledge of good and evil. If someone eats from the tree of life, they will live forever. If they eat from the tree of knowledge of good and evil, they will come to know good and evil.

2:10 A river flowed out of the garden of Eden that nourished the trees. It parted and became four rivers.

2:11 The first river was called Pishon which flowed out into the land called Havilah. Havilah had these three things: a lot of gold,

2:12 Bdellium [gum from a tree that is used to make fragrance] and onyx [a shiny black stone].

2:13 The second river Gihon, which flowed out into the land called Cush.

2:14 The third river called Tigris, flowed out into the land called Assyria in the east. And the fourth river was called Euphrates

2:15 Yahweh placed the human in the garden of Eden to work and take care of it.

2:16 Yahweh commanded the human, “You may eat from any tree in this garden.

2:17 But the tree in the middle- the tree of knowledge of good and evil, you must not eat from this tree. If you disobey me and eat from this tree your life will be ruined and you will die.”

2:18 Yahweh looked at the human and said, “He is lonely, this is not good. I will create another person to help him.”

2:19 Yahweh had already created all the animals. He called all the animals to the man, all the four-legged beasts, the crawling creatures and winged animals, He called them to the man.

2:20 And the man gave names to all the animals. The man gave names to all the animals, to the birds in the sky and the wild animals in the forest, he named them all. The man saw that there were many, many animals but none was human like him.

2:21 So Yahweh caused the man to fall into a very deep sleep. As he slept, Yahweh took one of his ribs from his body and then healed his skin.

2:22 Then Yahweh used the man’s rib to create a woman. He sent her to the man. The man awoke and saw the woman.

2:23 He said, “Finally! A person like me. We are both bone and flesh. We are the same. She was created from my rib. She is ‘woman,’ my companion.”

2:24 This is why a man leaves his mother, his father and family to find a woman who will become his wife and they two will become one.

2:25 The man and the woman were both naked, but they were not ashamed.

Back-translation by Amakedia Wallen, coordinated by Tashi Widmer

complete verse (Genesis 2:13)

Following are a number of back-translations as well as a sample translation for translators of Genesis 2:13:

  • Newari: “The name of the second river is Gihon. It wanders about in a country called Cush.” (Source: Newari Back Translation)
  • Hiligaynon: “The name of the second river is Gihon. It flows through the whole land of Cush.” (Source: Hiligaynon Back Translation)
  • English: “The name of the second river is Gihon. That river flows through all the land of Cain.” (Source: Translation for Translators)

Translation commentary on Genesis 2:13

The name of the second river is Gihon: for Gihon see the discussion in verse 11. Flows around is the same as in verse 11. Land of Cush is sometimes translated “Ethiopia,” since that is how it was translated in the Septuagint. Egyptian inscriptions mention a people by that name as living south of Egypt. Ancient Ethiopia included much of the area that is today Sudan. Because the Nile runs through Sudan, the Gihon was identified with the Nile. It is possible, however, that Cush refers to an area (no longer identifiable) in Iraq, and so Good News Translation has a note “Cush (of Mesopotamia); or Ethiopia.” Because the location is uncertain most modern translations have “Cush,” with or without a footnote.

Quoted with permission from Reyburn, William D. and Fry, Euan McG. A Handbook on Genesis. (UBS Helps for Translators). New York: UBS, 1997. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .