3rd person pronoun with high register (Japanese)

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Like a number of other East Asian languages, Japanese uses a complex system of honorifics, i.e. a system where a number of different levels of politeness are expressed in language via words, word forms or grammatical constructs. These can range from addressing someone or referring to someone with contempt (very informal) to expressing the highest level of reference (as used in addressing or referring to God) or any number of levels in-between.

One way Japanese shows different degree of politeness is through the choice of a third person singular and plural pronoun (“he,” “she,” “it” and their various forms) as shown here in the widely-used Japanese Shinkaiyaku (新改訳) Bible of 2017. While it’s not uncommon to avoid pronouns altogether in Japanese, there are is a range of third person pronouns that can be used. In these verses a number of them are used that pay particularly much respect to the referred person (or, in fact, God, as in Exodus 15:2), including kono kata (この方), sono kata (その方), and ano kata (あの方), meaning “this person,” “that person,” and “that person over there.”

(Source: S. E. Doi, see also S. E. Doi in Journal of Translation, 18/2022, p. 37ff. )

See also third person pronoun with exalted register.

Translation commentary on Romans 5:9

In verses 6-8 Paul has established the fact of God’s love for the sinner. He now reminds the Romans of what this has meant for them in the past (it has put them into a right relation with God) and calls their attention to what it will mean for them in the future (it will save them from God’s wrath on the final day of judgment). In typical Jewish fashion, Paul reasons from the greater to the lesser. If Christ was willing to die in order to bring men into a right relation with God (the greater), how much easier it will be for him to save us from God’s wrath on the final day of judgment (the lesser).

The second aspect of verse 9 must be carefully introduced in order to indicate specifically the relationship between these two aspects of Christ’s atoning work. This may be done in some languages by saying “if that is so, then obviously he will save us from God’s angry judgment,” “since that is so, then certainly Christ will save us when God will judge in anger.”

By his death (see New English Bible “by Christ’s sacrificial death”; Jerusalem Bible “having died”) is literally “by means of his blood.” In the present passage “blood” is used of Christ’s violent death, and so has the same meaning that it does in 3.25. When Paul speaks of “the blood of Christ,” he is, of course, drawing from the language of the Jewish sacrificial system, which placed two emphases on the experience of the sacrificial death: (1) the initial, violent aspect of the death itself, and (2) the release of life for another purpose through the shedding of the blood (the Jews understood that the life of a person or animal was in his blood). In passages where the use of “blood” is on the initial, violent aspect of death, the Good News Bible translates by death; while in passages where the emphasis is on the result of this experience in the lives of believers, the Good News Bible employs the term blood. Though by his death is specifically the means by which God puts us right with himself, this is expressed in some languages as cause—for example, “because Christ died for us, we are put right with God.”

Paul simply uses the word “wrath,” but the reference is to God’s wrath (see An American Translation* and Jerusalem Bible “God’s anger”); and by the use of the future tense, we will be saved, Paul indicates that the reference is to the expression of God’s wrath on the final day of judgment (see New English Bible “from final retribution”).

Quoted with permission from Newman, Barclay M. and Nida, Eugene A. A Handbook on Paul’s Letter to the Romans. (UBS Handbook Series). New York: UBS, 1973. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .

SIL Translator’s Notes on Romans 5:9

Paragraph 5:9–11

5:9a–b

Therefore, since we have now been justified by His blood, how much more shall we be saved from wrath through Him!: The word since introduces the basis for the comparison (introduced by much more). Some languages may need to translate in a different way to make that clear. For example:

It is true that we have now been justified by his blood. Therefore it is true indeed that we will be saved by him from the wrath of God.
-or-
Therefore, much more shall we be saved by him from the wrath of God, since/because we have now been justified by his blood.

5:9a

we have now been justified: The word now indicates that being justified is still true at the present time. For example:

now that we have been justified (New Jerusalem Bible)

In some languages being justified in the past implies still being justified at the present time. So, those languages can omit the word now if it is not natural here. For example:

we have been made right in God’s sight (New Living Translation (2004))

we have…been justified: See how you translated this clause in 5:1.

by His blood: Here the phrase His blood refers figuratively to Jesus’ death. The phrase by His blood indicates that Jesus’ death was the way that God made believers righteous. Here are other ways to translate this phrase:

by shedding his blood
-or-
by his sacrificial death
-or-
when he died for us
-or-
because of Jesus’ blood who died to pay for our sins

5:9b

how much more: This phrase emphasizes what follows. Just like it is true that God justifies us by the blood of Christ, it is also true that Jesus will save us from God’s wrath. Here are other ways to translate this phrase:

if God has already counted us as righteous because of Cristo’s blood which flowed-out at his death, we expect yet even-more that Cristo will save-us from God’s judging of people.
-or-
So [having-said] that, we have become straight in God’s sight because of Yesus’ blood who died to pay-for our sins. That’s why we know even more clearly that we will be set-free from the anger of God

These two things are true. In some languages a comparison with much more is not natural or meaningful. If that is true in your language, make the emphasis clear. For example:

So through Christ we will surely be saved from God’s anger, because we have been made right with God (New Century Version)
-or-
Christ has now died in order to clear our sins. Therefore now we greatly are assured that now he has saved us

shall we be saved from wrath through Him: This clause in Greek is future tense. For example:

we will be saved through him (NET Bible)

This clause is passive. Some languages must use an active clause. For example:

he will save us

saved: This word refers to being rescued from something harmful or dangerous. Here it refers to God rescuing people from his wrath.

Some languages must say what someone is saved from to make clear what kind of saving is meant. For example:

save us from the punishment
-or-
be freed from punishment
-or-
saved from death

wrath: This phrase refers to God’s anger against sin. See how you translated this phrase in 1:18.

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