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Translation commentary on Mark 16:14
Text:
See below, at the end of the exegesis of this verse.
Exegesis:
husteron (not in Mark) ‘later,’ ‘thereafter’; here, perhaps ‘finally,’ ‘lastly’ (cf. Lagrange, who translates enfin).
anakeimenois autois tois hendeka ‘to the Eleven themselves, while they were eating.’
anakeimai (cf. Mk. 6.26) ‘recline at table.’
hoi hendeka ‘the Eleven’: as in the case of ‘the Twelve’ in Mark (cf. 3.16), a title, not a number.
ōneidisen (cf. Mk. 15.32) ‘he reproached,’ ‘he rebuked.’
apistian (cf. Mk. 6.6) ‘unbelief,’ ‘lack of faith.’
sklērokardian (cf. Mk. 10.5) ‘hardness of heart,’ ‘obtuseness,’ ‘obstinacy.’
hoti tois theasamenois auton egēgermenon ouk episteusan ‘because they did not believe those who had seen him risen.’
theaomai (cf. v. 11) ‘see.’
egeirō (cf. Mk. 1.31) ‘rise’: in the passive, as here, ‘be raised.’ The perfect passive participle here can be translated ‘resurrected.’
In an early manuscript of the fourth or fifth century, at the end of the verse the following passage is added (Moffatt‘s translation): “But they excused themselves, saying ‘This age of unbelief lies under the sway of Satan, who will not allow what lies under the unclean spirits to understand the truth and power of God; therefore,’ they said to Christ, ‘reveal your righteousness now.’ Christ answered them, ‘The term of years for Satan’s power has now expired, but other terrors are at hand. I was delivered to death on behalf of sinners, that they might return to the truth and sin no more, that they might inherit that glory of righteousness which is spiritual and imperishable in heaven.’”
Until the discovery of the “Washington” manuscript in Egypt in 1906, the first part of this passage (from the beginning until the words. .”.. reveal your righteousness now”) was known from its quotation by Jerome, who said it was found “in certain copies [of the Gospel], and especially in Greek codices.”
Translation:
Appeared may be ‘showed himself,’ ‘presented himself where they were,’ or ‘caused himself to be seen by.’
The eleven, as with the phrase the twelve, must often be supplemented with a substantive, e.g. ‘the eleven disciples.’
Sat at table is usually better rendered as ‘were eating.’
Upbraided may be rendered in some languages as ‘scolded,’ ‘criticized,’ or ‘denounced them because of….’
Their unbelief is frequently translated as a clause containing a verb, e.g. ‘because they did not believe’ (for believe see 1.15).
For for their hardness of heart see 6.52, but note that in a plural construction the pronominal referents and plural forms of substantives must agree, e.g. ‘because they did not have pain in their hearts’ (Tzeltal).
If the phrase for their unbelief and their hardness of heart is rendered as ‘because they did not believe and because their hearts were hard’ it may then be impossible to employ the following clause ‘because they had not believed…’ since such a postposed causal clause would seem to give the reason for the hard hearts, not the reason why Jesus rebuked the disciples. Accordingly, one may have to end the first sentence with ‘hardness of heart’ and begin over again, e.g. ‘he rebuked them because they had not….’
Quoted with permission from Bratcher, Robert G. and Nida, Eugene A. A Handbook on the Gospel of Mark. (UBS Handbook Series). New York: UBS, 1961. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .
SIL Translator's Notes on Mark 16:14
Section 16:14–18
Jesus told his disciples to preach the good news to all people
After Jesus appeared to Mary Magdalene and two of his followers, he appeared to his eleven disciples. First, he rebuked them for their lack of faith and for refusing to believe that he had been raised from the dead. Then Jesus told them to go out into the world and preach the good news to everyone.
Here are some other possible headings for this section:
Jesus Appears to the Eleven (Good News Bible)
-or-
What Jesus’ Followers Must Do (Contemporary English Version)
There is a parallel passage for this section in Matthew 28:16–20.
Paragraph 16:14–18
16:14a
Later: The Greek word that the Berean Standard Bible translates as Later here introduces events that probably occurred after the events in 16:12–13 but on the same day. See Luke 24:36.
as they were eating, Jesus appeared to the Eleven: The Greek verb that the Berean Standard Bible translates as appeared was also used in 16:12. Jesus showed himself to the eleven disciples; that is, he came to them.
as they were eating: It is implied that the disciples were eating together. Jesus appeared to them while they were together in the same place. In some languages it may be necessary to provide an object and say what they were eating. They were eating the evening meal:
as they were eating supper/dinner
the Eleven: The phrase the Eleven refers to the eleven remaining disciples. Judas was dead and another disciple had not yet been chosen to replace him. See Acts 1:18–22. In many languages it maybe helpful to add your word for “disciples” to the phrase the Eleven. For example:
the eleven disciples (Good News Bible)
16:14b
and rebuked them: The Greek verb that the Berean Standard Bible translates as rebuked means to reprimand or reproach someone for doing something wrong. Jesus rebuked the disciples because they had refused to believe that he was alive, even though he had told them that he would rise from the dead. See 10:34.
for their unbelief and hardness of heart: The Greek phrases that the Berean Standard Bible translates as unbelief and hardness of heart mean “lack of faith” and “stubborn refusal to believe.” The expressions “unbelief” and “hardness of heart” have almost the same meaning in this context. They are probably used together here for emphasis. (However, in a sense the disciples were guilty of two different things: failing to believe what Jesus had said would happen and refusing to believe those who knew that it had happened.)
In some languages it may not be natural to use two different phrases to express this emphasis. If that is true in your language, express the emphasis in a different way. For example:
they were too stubborn to believe (Contemporary English Version)
-or-
they completely refused to believe
See the General Comment on 16:14b–c for a discussion of how this part of the verse is related to the context.
16:14c
believe: In this context, the word believe refers to the situation where the eleven disciples did not believe that some people had seen Jesus risen from the dead. They did not accept this report as true. Here, the word believe does not mean “believe in” or “trust in” Jesus.
See believe, meaning 1, in the Glossary for more information about this word.
those who had seen Him after He had risen: The clause those who had seen Him after He had risen refers to Mary Magdalene in 16:9–11 and the two disciples in 16:12–13. These people had seen Jesus after he rose from the dead. The text implies here that these people told the disciples what they had seen. You may need to make this explicit. For example:
the testimony of the people who had seen him after he rose from the dead
General Comment on 16:14b–c
16:14c expresses the reason that Jesus reproached the disciples in 16:14b. In some languages it may be necessary to express this relationship explicitly, as the Greek text does. The New Jerusalem Bible follows the Greek text:
14bHe reproached them for their incredulity and obstinacy, 14cbecause they had refused to believe those who had seen him after he had risen.
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