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ὁ δὲ ἀποκριθεὶς εἶπεν τῷ πατρὶ αὐτοῦ, Ἰδοὺ τοσαῦτα ἔτη δουλεύω σοι καὶ οὐδέποτε ἐντολήν σου παρῆλθον, καὶ ἐμοὶ οὐδέποτε ἔδωκας ἔριφον ἵνα μετὰ τῶν φίλων μου εὐφρανθῶ·
29But he answered his father, ‘Listen! For all these years I have been working like a slave for you, and I have never disobeyed your command, yet you have never given me even a young goat so that I might celebrate with my friends.
Exegesis:
apokritheis ‘answering,’ i.e. to his father’s pleading.
idou ‘behold,’ emphatic introduction of what follows.
tosauta etē douleuō soi lit. ‘so many years I am serving you,’ i.e. ‘so many years I have served you, and am still serving you.’ tosauta etē is accusative of duration.
douleuō (also 16.13) ‘to serve as a doulos, i.e. as a slave, or, servant.’
kai oudepote entolēn sou parēlthon ‘and I never once disobeyed an order of yours.’ The aorist tense of parēlthon is punctiliar. For parerchomai cf. on 11.42.
kai emoi oudepote edōkas eriphon ‘and to me you never once gave a kid.’ emoi is emphatic.
eriphos ‘kid,’ ‘young he-goat,’ cheap as compared with the fatted calf.
hina meta tōn philōn mou euphranthō ‘that I might enjoy myself with my friends,’ i.e. by means of a meal together.
Translation:
Honorifics, again, in Javanese and related languages, but now with another intention than in v. 21: the honorific form of elder son’s words is sarcastic rather than respectful, treating the father as a stranger.
Lo, cf. on “behold” in 1.20.
I have served you, or, ‘I have kept on working for you’ (Ekari), ‘I have been your servant, or, like a servant of yours.’
I never disobeyed your command, or, ‘I never transgressed your command/word,’ ‘I never failed to do what you commanded/told me (to do)’; in Sranan Tongo the idiom is, ‘never I passed your mouth.’ Cf. also on “disobedient” in 1.17.
A kid, or, more disdainfully, “so much as a kid” (New English Bible), “even a goat” (Good News Translation).
That I might make merry with my friends, or, ‘to-be-used by me to feast together-with’ (Sundanese).
Quoted with permission from Reiling, J. and Swellengrebel, J.L. A Handbook on the Gospel of Luke. (UBS Handbook Series). New York: UBS, 1971. For this and other handbooks for translators see here . Make sure to also consult the Handbook on the Gospel of Mark for parallel or similar verses.
Exegesis:
homoiōs kathōs egeneto ‘in the same way, as it was…’ homoiōs may either be taken together with kathōs ‘in the same way as,’ or connect the comparisons of vv. 26f and vv. 28ff, preferably the latter. Hence a rendering like “also” (New English Bible).
ēsthion, epinon, ēgorazon, epōloun, ephuteuon, oikodomoun ‘they ate, drank, bought, sold, planted, built,’ cf. on v. 26. The description is more extensive here and partly different, but no special meaning is to be attached to the differences.
(V. 29) hē de hēmera exēlthen Lōt apo Sodomōn ‘but on the day on which Lot went out of Sodom, or, left Sodom.’
ebrexen pur kai theion ap’ ouranou ‘it rained fire and sulphur from heaven,’ or, ‘he (i.e. God) made it rain fire and sulphur from heaven,’ preferably the latter, and Gen. 19.24. ebrexen is punctiliar aorist after the descriptive imperfects in v. 28.
theion ‘sulphur,’ ‘brimstone.’
kai apōlesen pantas ‘and destroyed all.’ For pantas cf. on v. 27. The subject of apōlesen is the same as that of ebrexen.
(V. 30) kata ta auta estai ‘in the same way,’ or, ‘so it will be,’ taking up kathōs in v. 28.
hē hēmera ho huios tou anthrōpou apokaluptetai ‘on the day on which the Son of man is revealed.’ apokaluptō here of the glorious manifestation of the Son of man at his coming.
Translation:
Likewise (introducing a second comparison), or, ‘similarly,’ ‘or again,’ and cf. “so too, what happened in the time of Lot will be repeated” (The Four Gospels – a New Translation).
The final clause (v. 30) may better be rendered as an independent sentence, e.g. ‘similarly, in the days of Lot everybody ate, …, but on the day when Lot went out of S. fire … destroyed them all. So will it be (or, that will happen also) on the day when the Son of man is revealed’; or, it may be transposed to its original position, ‘or again, when the Son of man is revealed, the situation will be as it was in the time of Lot; people ate….’
They bought, they sold, or, ‘they bought and sold goods’ (cf. Pohnpeian). That the two processes are basically reciprocal is sometimes made explicit, e.g. Navajo; since they view the same process, though from different sides, they may be rendered by one expression, e.g. ‘they traded-with-each-other’ (Yao; similarly in Javanese, lit. a compound form, ‘sold-bought’).
They planted may, again, require an object, e.g. ‘they planted seedlings,’ ‘they sowed seed’; elsewhere it is more idiomatic to use two verbs, ‘(they) sowed planted’ (Thai 1967).
They built, or, ‘they built houses’ (Trukese). Thai 1967, again, uses a double rendering, ‘(they) built made.’
(V. 29) Fire and brimstone rained, preferably, ‘he/God made it rain fire and brimstone,’ ‘he/God caused to fall/descend/come a rain of fire and brimstone (or, fire and brimstone as a rain).’ Brimstone, or, ‘sulphur,’ may be described as ‘fiery stones’ (Dan), ‘burning/inflammable stones (or, stuff).’
(V. 30) Is revealed, or, “is brought into the light” (The Four Gospels – a New Translation), “appears” (An American Translation), ‘shows himself,’ ‘becomes-visible’ (cf. Javanese).
Quoted with permission from Reiling, J. and Swellengrebel, J.L. A Handbook on the Gospel of Luke. (UBS Handbook Series). New York: UBS, 1971. For this and other handbooks for translators see here . Make sure to also consult the Handbook on the Gospel of Mark for parallel or similar verses.
15:29a
But he answered his father: The Greek word that the Berean Standard Bible translates as answered here means “responded to.” The older son responded to his father’s pleading by telling him why he would not go in to the party. He answered in an angry and disrespectful way. Another way to translate this is:
he retorted to his father (New Jerusalem Bible)
15:29b
Look: The Greek word that the Berean Standard Bible translates as Look calls attention to something important. Here the older son used it to emphasize something in an angry way. Some versions do not translate this word. Other ways to translate it are:
You listen to me!
-or-
Just remember this!
See the note at 11:31d, where this word also occurs and the Berean Standard Bible translates it as “now.”
all these years: The Greek phrase that the Berean Standard Bible translates as all these years is literally “so-many years.” It emphasizes the large number of years that had gone by.
I have served you: The Greek phrase that the Berean Standard Bible translates as I have served you means “I have been working like a slave for you.” It shows that the older son felt bitter and angry toward his father.
15:29c
never disobeyed a commandment of yours: In some languages it may be more natural to translate this phrase in a positive way. For example:
have always obeyed your commands (New Century Version)
15:29d
Yet you never gave me even a young goat so I could celebrate with my friends: This is a complaint. The older son was implying that his father had treated him badly in comparison with the younger son. The father had honored the younger son by killing a fat calf, but he had not offered the older son anything for a feast. The father had not given the older son even a goat, which was not as expensive.
Yet you never gave me: In Greek this phrase is literally “and to-me never did-you-give.” The word order emphasizes the older son’s selfish focus on himself. In some languages it may be possible to indicate this emphasis by placing a phrase such as “As for me” at the beginning of the sentence.
In some languages it may also be possible to express the complaining tone of the older son’s words by changing this statement to a rhetorical question. For example:
What have you given me? Not even a goat for me to have a feast with my friends! (Good News Translation)
even a young goat: A young goat was less valuable than a fattened calf. It did not have as much meat as a calf. The Berean Standard Bible has supplied the word even in order to make this clear.
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