SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 2021 – Page 9

SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 8:8

8:8a–b

This verse describes Israel’s destruction by foreign nations (8:8a) and its lack of value as a result (8:8b).

8a Israel is swallowed up!

8b Now they are among the nations like a worthless vessel.

There is an obvious connection with the previous verse. In 8:7e foreigners literally swallow grain or flour. In 8:8a foreigners figuratively swallow Israel.

8:8a

Israel is swallowed up: This line is a metaphor. It compares the destruction of Israel by foreign nations to a person who swallows all the food in a dish. The similarity is that Israel and the food are no longer there. The tense of the verb indicates either that the destruction has already begun or that it is certain to happen.

Here are some other ways to translate this metaphor:

• Keep the metaphor. For example:

Israel is eaten up. (New Century Version)
-or-
Israel will be swallowed up. (God’s Word)

• Change the metaphor to a simile. For example:

⌊ It is as if⌋Israel is being swallowed ⌊by other nations ⌋.
-or-

⌊ Foreigners will destroy⌋the nation of Israel ⌊like a person ⌋ swallows ⌊the food on a plate ⌋.

• Translate the meaning without using a figure of speech. For example:

Israel, you are ruined (Contemporary English Version)

8:8b

Now they are among the nations like a worthless vessel: This statement describes the condition of Israel when it is swallowed up by foreign nations. It has lost its value as an independent nation. There are three ways to interpret this statement:

(1) It describes the worthless status of Israel when its people no longer live in their land. They are now scattered among foreign people. For example:

It has already mixed in with the other nations. It has become worthless. (God’s Word)

(2) It does not speak about whether the people live in the land of Israel or not. It describes the worthless status of Israel a) in the viewpoint of other nations or b) in comparison with other nations. For example:

and now the nations consider you worthless (Contemporary English Version)

It is recommended that you follow interpretation (1). This interpretation is similar to 7:8, which says that Israel mixes with the nations and is like a worthless cake of bread. It is also an accurate description of Israel’s history. Historically, the Assyrians conquered Israel and sent the people to live in other nations.

Now: In this context the word Now probably indicates present time.

Here is another way to translate it:

already they are among the nations (Revised Standard Version)

In some languages, it may not be necessary to translate this word explicitly if the meaning is implied from the context.

like a worthless vessel: In Hebrew, this phrase is literally “like a vessel [that has] not pleasure in it.” In this phrase the word vessel can refer to a utensil, tool, or pot. This phrase is a simile in which the nation of Israel is compared to a piece of pottery that no one wants. The similarities are that both are destroyed and useless.

Here are some other ways to translate this simile:

• Keep the specific simile and make explicit one or more of the similarities. For example:

like a worthless piece of pottery (NET Bible)
-or-
as useless as a broken pot (Good News Translation)
-or-
like an old discarded pot (New Living Translation (2004))

• Translate the simile more generally. For example:

like something no one wants (New Jerusalem Bible)
-or-
like a thing of no value (Revised English Bible)

• Translate the meaning without a figure of speech. For example:

It has become worthless. (God’s Word)

© 2021 by SIL International®
Made available under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License (CC BY-SA) creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0.
All Scripture quotations in this publication, unless otherwise indicated, are from The Holy Bible, Berean Standard Bible.
BSB is produced in cooperation with Bible Hub, Discovery Bible, OpenBible.com, and the Berean Bible Translation Committee.

SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 10:9

Section 10:9–15

The LORD will punish Israel

In this section, the LORD (10:9–11) and Hosea (10:12–15) warn the people of Israel that the LORD will punish them because of their past and current sin. This section includes figures of speech from agriculture that the Israelites in Hosea’s time would clearly understand. Some examples are comparisons of the people to farm animals (10:11) and to farmers (10:12–13).

Here are some other examples of section headings:

The Lord Pronounces Judgment on Israel (Good News Translation)
-or-
The Lord Promises to Punish Israel (Contemporary English Version)

Paragraph 10:9–10

In this paragraph, the LORD is the speaker. He traces the sin of the people of Israel back to their ancestors in the city of Gibeah. Verse 10:10 is a warning that punishment will come as a result of their past and present sin.

10:9a–b

Since the days of Gibeah you have sinned, O Israel, and there you have remained: This verse describes how long the people of Israel have continued to sin.

10:9a

Since the days of Gibeah: the days of Gibeah refers back to a tragic incident in Israel’s past. Gibeah is a city in the territory of the tribe of Benjamin. Some residents there committed extreme sexual perversion and murder. The people of Gibeah were defiant against the LORD and against the rest of Israel. See Judges 19–20 and Hosea 9:9. The phrase Since the days of Gibeah refers to the time period from that sinful act to the time of Hosea.

Here are other ways to translate this phrase:

Israel, you have sinned since the time of Gibeah (New Century Version)
-or-
Israel, you have sinned ever since the incident at Gibeah (God’s Word)

you have sinned, O Israel: In this context, these words imply that the people of Israel sinned in a way that was similar to the sins of the people of Gibeah.

O Israel: Here, the LORD, speaking through Hosea, addresses the people of Israel directly.

Here are other ways to translate this expression:

Israel (Contemporary English Version)
-or-
You Israelites

Use a vocative that is natural in your language when a person speaks to a group of people.

The Good News Translation translates this accusation as indirect speech:

The LORD says, “The people of Israel have not stopped sinning against me since the time of their sin at Gibeah. (Good News Translation)

However, indirect speech is not recommended here. Direct address is preferable, since in this situation the LORD is confronting the people, not just speaking about them.

10:9b

and there you have remained: This statement indicates that Israel continued to follow same kind of sinful behavior as the terrible sin committed at Gibeah.

Here are some other ways to translate this statement:

You never change (God’s Word)
-or-
You have made no progress whatsoever (New Living Translation (2004))

10:9c

Did not the battle in Gibeah overtake the sons of iniquity?: This clause is more literally “not will war overtake them in the gibeah on the sons of injustice.” There are three main interpretations of this clause:

(1) A future war will overtake evildoers in Gibeah. For example:

Shall not war overtake them in Gibeah? (New Revised Standard Version)

(2) A past war overtook evildoers in Gibeah. For example:

Did not war overtake the evildoers in Gibeah? (NET Bible)

(3) A war did not overtake evildoers in Gibeah. For example:

the battle in Gibeah against the children of iniquity did not overtake them. (King James Version)

(King James Version)

It is recommended that you follow interpretation (1) along with most versions and a slight majority of commentaries. It is the most accepted way to understand the difficult Hebrew text.

Here are some ways to translate this clause:

• As a rhetorical question. The expected answer is “yes.” For example:

Will not war overtake them in Gibeah? (Revised English Bible)

• As a statement. For example:

War will overtake the wicked people in Gibeah. (God’s Word)
-or-
But war will surely overwhelm them in Gibeah, because of the evil they have done there. (New Century Version)

overtake: The Hebrew word here means to “catch up to” or to “take hold upon” something or someone. Here are other ways to translate this word:

overwhelm them (New Century Version)
-or-
catch up with them (Good News Translation)
-or-
will soon experience

the sons of iniquity: The Hebrew phrase is literally, “sons of injustice.” The Hebrew word for “injustice” means to act contrary to what is right. Here the expression refers to people that are as evil as those at Gibeah.

in Gibeah: The word “gibeah” literally means “hills.” Here the word Gibeah is probably a word play. It refers both to the city of Gibeah and also to the hills that Hosea calls “high places” in 10:8a, where the Israelites worshiped idols.

It is recommended that you add a footnote to explain the meaning. For example:

Gibeah means “hills.” See Hosea 10:8.

SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 12:14

12:14

Notice the parallel parts that are similar in meaning:

14a Ephraim has provoked bitter anger,

14b so his Lord will leave his bloodguilt upon him

14c and repay him for his contempt.

There is an ellipsis in the third line. In some languages, it may be necessary to supply the missing words from the second line. For example:

14c and ⌊he/his Lord will ⌋ repay him for his contempt.

In these lines, Hosea tells the Israelites that the LORD will judge them. The first line is a general statement. The second and third lines give more detail.

This verse has some similarities to 12:2.

12:14a

The Berean Standard Bible and the Hebrew text leave implied the connection between this verse and the previous one. Some other versions do the same.

Some versions think that there is an implicit contrast to the previous verse and supply the word “But” to indicate it. Indicate the connection of this verse to 12:13 in a natural way in your language. For example:

But Ephraim has bitterly provoked him to anger… (New International Version)

Ephraim has provoked bitter anger: The phrase provoked…anger means “caused someone to become angry.” Hebrew and some English versions do not make explicit that the LORD is the one Ephraim has provoked. For example:

Ephraim gave bitter provocation (Revised English Bible)

Some versions make this information explicit for clarity. For example:

But the people of Israel have bitterly provoked the Lord (New Living Translation (2004))
-or-
But Ephraim bitterly provoked him to anger (NET Bible)

Ephraim: As in many places in Hosea, the name Ephraim represents the people of Israel, as in the New Living Translation (2004) quoted above.

provoked…anger: In Hebrew, this verb phrase is one word. There is no separate word for anger. Some versions leave the idea of anger implied. For example:

Ephraim gave bitter provocation (New Jerusalem Bible)

Other versions make it make it explicit. For example:

Ephraim bitterly provoked him to anger (NET Bible)

In some languages, it may be more natural to focus on the LORD’s anger caused by Ephraim’s provocation. For example:

But Ephraim has aroused his bitter anger (NIV2011)
-or-
The people of Israel have made the Lord bitterly angry (Good News Translation)

bitter: The form of the Hebrew word here is literally “bitternesses (plur).” It indicates the bitter manner in which Ephraim provoked the LORD. They probably provoked him by persisting in the sins listed in 12:7–8, 11.

The plural form indicates intensity. It implies “very bitterly provoked to anger.” In Hebrew, the adjective form bitter means “bitter, strong.” Here it probably implies that Ephraim’s bitter provocation caused the LORD to experience a correspondingly bitter or strong anger. See the NIV2011 and Good News Translation quoted below.

12:14b

so his Lord will leave his bloodguilt upon him: This clause is more literally “and his bloods on him he will leave.”

This expression probably means that God holds Ephraim (the people of Israel) accountable for his crimes, particularly the murders he has committed. God will not forgive Ephraim by removing the guilt. Instead, he will leave the guilt on Ephraim. The implication is that Ephraim will be punished accordingly. Compare to 1 Kings 2:32–33. Here are some other examples:

so he will hold him accountable for the blood he has shed (NET Bible)
-or-
He will hold them guilty of murder (God’s Word)

his Lord: In the Hebrew text his Lord comes at the end of 14c. The Berean Standard Bible and many other versions place it here to conform to natural English. The pronoun his refers to Ephraim.

The Hebrew word for Lord here is ʾadon, “lord,” not Yahweh. Versions indicate this by translating this word as Lord, not as “Lord ” or “LORD.”

his bloodguilt: In Hebrew, this phrase is “his bloods.” The plural form of the word “blood” often refers to bloodshed/murders. The word can also indicate bloodguilt/accountability for a murder.

The word can imply crimes so severe that the person who commits them deserves capital punishment. Some versions make this meaning explicit. For example:

They deserve death for their crimes. (Good News Translation)

12:14c

and repay him for his contempt: The meaning of this clause is similar to 14b. It means to give back to Ephraim an appropriate payment for his contempt. In this context, the Hebrew word for repay means “to pay back” or “requite evil.” Here are some other ways to translate this clause:

Their Lord will punish them for the disgrace they have brought on him. (Good News Translation)
-or-
His Lord will repay him for his insult. (New Jerusalem Bible)

contempt: The Hebrew word means “reproach,” “reviling,” “taunt.” It often has a connotation of blaming or scorning someone. Here it may indicate contempt for the LORD and/or his law. Here are some other ways to translate it:

his mockery (Tanakh: The Holy Scriptures)
-or-
his insults (New Revised Standard Version)
-or-
his disgraceful deeds (English Standard Version)

SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 2:12

2:12a

I will destroy her vines and fig trees, which she thinks are the wages paid by her lovers: This verse refers back to 2:5, which lists gifts from the woman’s lovers in payment for the sexual relations she had with them. Here her lovers may refer to the Baal idols that Israel worshiped in various shrines. Israel considered her vines and fig trees as wages from these Baals in exchange for her worship.

If grapes and fig trees are unknown in your language group, you may want to add pictures. You may also want to include descriptions in a footnote.

vines: This word refers to grape vines. Grapes were one of the most important crops for the people of Israel. Wine was made from the juice of this fruit. Some versions make the kind of vine explicit. For example:

grapevines (Good News Translation)
-or-
vineyards (New Living Translation (2004))

A vineyard is a farm where grape vines grow and produce grapes.

Here are some other ways to translate “vineyard”:

grape farm
-or-
field of grape vines

fig trees: Fig trees produced another very important and useful fruit for the Israelites. Figs were very nourishing and were also used as medicine (2 Kings 20:7).

In language areas where fig trees are not known, here are some other ways to translate this term:

• Use a more general term. For example:

orchards (New Living Translation (2004))
-or-
fruit trees

• Use a loan word(s) from a major language in your area. For example:

igo trees (from Spanish higo)

If you use this option, people should clearly understand that the loan word refers to a kind of fruit tree.

General Comment on 2:12a

In some languages, it may be more natural to reorder the two clauses within this verse part. For example:

She said that her lovers paid her for sex by giving her grapevines and fig trees. But I am going to destroy those vines and fig trees.

In some languages, it may also be necessary to use a direct quote instead of an indirect quote. For example:

I will lay waste her vines and her fig trees, of which she said, ‘These are my wages, which my lovers have given me.’ (English Standard Version)

2:12b

So I will make them into a thicket: The word that the Berean Standard Bible translates as thicket refers to a tangled area of plants and trees.

Here are some other ways to translate this phrase

I shall leave them to grow wild (Revised English Bible)
-or-
I will let them grow into tangled thickets (New Living Translation (2004))

Use an expression in your language that describes an area that once was cultivated, but later was allowed to grow wild.

SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 4:16

4:16a

For Israel is as obstinate as a stubborn heifer: In Hebrew, this verse part begins with a word that the Berean Standard Bible and some other versions translate as For. There are two ways to interpret the function of this word:

(1) It introduces the reason for something that follows. Israel is stubborn. For that reason, the LORD will no longer care for the people as a shepherd cares for his sheep. For example:

16a
Since Israel is stubborn Like a stubborn heifer, 16b Can the Lord now pasture them Like a lamb in a large field? (New American Standard Bible)

(2) It introduces the explanation for a previous statement. It was because of Israel’s stubbornness that they were forbidden to use the LORD’s name. It was also because of their stubbornness that they were immoral and worshiped idols. For example:

for Israel is as stubborn as a stubborn heifer (New Jerusalem Bible)

It is recommended that you follow interpretation (1). It fits well with the logic of the verse, that Israel’s stubbornness is the reason for the LORD’s response in 4:16b. Many versions leave the reason implied. For example:

Like a stubborn heifer, Israel is stubborn (New Revised Standard Version)
-or-
The Israelites are stubborn, like a stubborn heifer. (New International Version)

If is natural in your language to express this reason implicitly, you may do so.

as obstinate as a stubborn heifer: This is a simile that compares the behavior of the people of Israel to that of a stubborn heifer/cow. A stubborn heifer refuses to follow the person that tries to lead it. Similarly, the people of Israel refuse to follow the LORD and obey him. It is recommended that you keep this comparison if the meaning is clear. If the meaning is not clear in your language, you may substitute a different comparison that has the same meaning and impact. For example:

as stubborn as mules (Good News Translation)

heifer: This word refers to a young cow that has not given birth to a calf. Some languages may have a word that refers specifically to this kind of cow. In other languages, it may be necessary to use a more general word or phrase. For example:

like a stubborn young cow (New Century Version)
-or-
like a stubborn cow (Tanakh: The Holy Scriptures)

4:16b

Can the LORD now shepherd them like lambs in an open meadow?: Here the LORD gave his response to the stubbornness of Israel by using another simile. He compared the people of Israel to lambs in a large pasture. There are two ways to interpret this comparison:

(1) It is a rhetorical question. The implied negative answer is: “He cannot.” The Israelites were so stubborn that the LORD could not provide and care for them as a shepherd would lead and care for his sheep. For example:

can the Lord now feed them like a lamb in a broad pasture? (New Revised Standard Version)

This same interpretation can also be expressed as a statement. For example:

so stubborn that I, the Lord, cannot feed you like lambs in an open pasture (Contemporary English Version)

(2) It is a statement of the LORD’s judgment. He compared the people of Israel to sheep in a wide land. The meaning is that he will scatter them to places where they would not be under his care and protection. For example:

so the Lord will put her out to pasture. She will stand alone and unprotected, like a helpless lamb in an open field. (New Living Translation (1996))

(King James Version, New Century Version, NET Bible, Tanakh: The Holy Scriptures, New Living Translation (1996))

It is recommended that you follow interpretation (1) along with most versions. The image of a shepherd caring for sheep is a common one in the Old Testament. The image almost always has a positive connotation.

SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 7:3

Paragraph 7:3–4

7:3a–b

Notice the parallel parts that are similar in meaning:

3a
They delight the king with their evil,

3b and the princes with their lies.

There is an ellipsis in 7:3b. In some languages, it may be necessary to supply the missing verb from 7:3a. For example:

3b
⌊ they delight⌋the princes with their lies.

These lines both indicate that the wicked deeds of the people of Israel delighted their rulers.

king…princes: See how you translated “king or prince” in 3:4a.

their evil…their lies: The word evil refers to actions that are against God’s will, such as dishonest or immoral behavior. See how you translated “evil” in 7:2a.

The word lies refers here to lies or deceit. The words evil and lies are parallel here. This may indicate that deceit was the specific kind of wickedness that delighted the king and the other officials.

Here are some other ways to translate these parallel words:

sin…deceit (Contemporary English Version)
-or-
evil schemes…lies (NET Bible)
-or-
wickedness…treachery (Revised English Bible)

7:3a

They delight the king: The word delight is literally “make glad.” It means that the people’s wicked actions caused the king to be happy. Probably this ruler was glad because the evil deeds benefited hm.

Here are some other ways to translate this phrase:

they make the king happy (New Century Version)
-or-
they make the king glad (New Revised Standard Version)

the king: In Hebrew, there is no article the here. It is possible that this lack of an article indicates any king, not a specific king. For example:

They make kings happy (God’s Word)
-or-
They make a king merry (Tanakh: The Holy Scriptures)

7:3b

the princes: The word princes probably refers here to the rulers and officials that serve under a king.

Here are some ways to translate this word:

the king and his officials (Contemporary English Version)
-or-
their rulers (New Century Version)
-or-

chief men (New Jerusalem Bible)

General Comment on 7:3a–b

In some languages, it may be more natural to reorder and/or combine the parallel parts. For example:

The people’s deceit pleases their rulers.

SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 9:5

9:5

Notice the parallel parts that are similar in meaning:

5a
What will you do on the appointed day,

5b
on the day of the LORD’s feast ?

In Hebrew, there is an ellipsis (deliberate omission) of the words “What will you do” in the second line. In some languages, it may be necessary to supply the missing words to make the meaning clearer. For example:

5b
What will you do on days of feasting in the Lord ‘s presence ? (New Living Translation (1996))

These lines warn the people that in Assyria they will no longer be able to celebrate special feast days.

9:5a

What will you do on the appointed day: In this verse, Hosea speaks directly to the people, using the pronoun you. He uses a rhetorical question with the implied negative answer “Nothing.” It means that the people will definitely not be able to celebrate the feasts.

This rhetorical question can also be expressed as a statement. For example:

You will no longer be able to celebrate the festival of the Lord. (Contemporary English Version)

the appointed day: This phrase refers to the regular times when the people celebrated feasts. The word day is not necessarily literal here, since some feasts lasted longer than a day.

Here is another way to translate this phrase:

when the time comes for the appointed festivals (Good News Translation)

These appointed feast days included Passover, The Feast of Unleavened Bread, The Feast of Weeks and The Feast of Tabernacles/Booths. See Leviticus 23.

9:5b

on the day of the LORD’s feast?: Since this phrase is parallel to “appointed day,” it probably refers to those same feasts. However, it is possible that this phrase refers especially to the feast of Tabernacles/Shelters/Booths, which was held each autumn. Some versions give this information in a footnote. For example, here is a footnote from the Contemporary English Version:

festival of the Lord : Probably the Festival of Shelters. (Contemporary English Version)

Consider adding a similar footnote if you think it will be helpful to your readers.

General Comment on 9:5a–b

In some languages, it may be more natural to reorder and/or combine these verse parts. For example:

5a–b And when the time comes for the appointed festivals in honor of the LORD, 5a what will you do then? (adapted from Good News Translation)

SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 11:5

Paragraph 11:5–7

In this paragraph, the LORD warns that Assyria will take the people of Israel into exile, because they continue to turn away from him.

11:5a–b

Notice the parallel parts that are similar in meaning:

5a
Will they not return to the land Egypt

5b and be ruled by Assyria

In Hebrew, these lines are more literally “not he will return to the land of Egypt and Assyria it [will be] his king.” The interpretation of these lines depends on the function of the Hebrew word “not.” This word has two main functions here:

(1) The word “not” introduces either a rhetorical question that implies a “yes” answer or a positive statement. The Berean Standard Bible above translates it as a rhetorical question. An example of a positive statement is the NET Bible:

“They will return to Egypt! Assyria will rule over them because they refuse to repent! (NET Bible)

(2) The word “not” introduces a negative statement. For example:

“They will not return to Egypt. Instead, Assyria will rule them because they have refused to return to me. (God’s Word)

It is recommended that you follow interpretation (1) along with a majority of versions. It is similar to statements about the people returning to Egypt in 8:13 and 9:3.

11:5a

Will they not return to the land of Egypt: This clause is the first line of the rhetorical question. The expected answer to this question is “Yes, they will return to Egypt.” This line is a figure of speech in which Egypt represents slavery. It means that the people will return to slavery. This slavery will be similar to their slavery in Egypt in Israel’s past. Also see the note “They will return to Egypt” under 8:13e.

Most versions translate this rhetorical question as a statement. For example:

They shall return to the land of Egypt (New Revised Standard Version)

Translate this clause in a natural way in your language.

11:5b

and be ruled by Assyria: This clause is literally “and Assyria it [will be] his king.” It means that the people of Israel will become slaves in the nation of Assyria. They will no longer rule themselves.

In Hebrew, the word Assyria is emphasized here. For example:

and it is Assyria, no one else, that will be his king

If possible, indicate this emphasis in a natural way in your language.

A king is normally a person, not a nation. For that reason, it may not be natural in some languages to say that Assyria will be their king.

Here are some other ways to say this:

and will not those from Assyria be the ones to rule over them
-or-
and it will be the Assyrians whom they must serve

11:5c

because they refused to repent?: There are two interpretations of the relationship of this line to those that come before and after it:

(1) This line relates to the two lines that precede it. It gives the reason that the people will become slaves in Assyria. It is because they refuse to repent. For example:

The Israelites will become captives again, as they were in Egypt, and Assyria will become their king, because they refuse to turn back to God. (New Century Version)

(2) This line relates to the lines that follow it in 11:6. It gives the reason that the sword will flash in their cities and cause destruction. It is because they refuse to repent. For example:

They return to the land of Egypt, and Assyria is their king. Because they refuse to repent, 6 a sword shall descend upon their towns… (Tanakh: The Holy Scriptures)

It is recommended that you follow interpretation (1) along with a majority of versions and commentaries. It is supported by both the Masoretic Text and the early versions.

repent: In Hebrew, this word is literally to “turn” or “return.” The same Hebrew word is used in 11:5a, where it refers to the people’s return to Egypt. Hosea probably used the same word here as a wordplay. The wordplay draws attention to the reason that the people will return to slavery. It is because they refuse to return to the LORD.

In some languages, it is possible to translate the wordplay directly by using the same word in 5a and 5c, as in Hebrew. For example:

They shall return to the land of Egypt, and Assyria shall be their king, because they have refused to return to me. (New Revised Standard Version)

In some languages, it may not be possible to use the same word in both places. Translate this line in a natural way in your language.

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Source: SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 2021

SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 8:8

SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 10:9

SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 12:14

SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 2:12

SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 4:16

SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 7:3

SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 9:5

SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 11:5

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