3rd person pronoun with high register (Japanese)

Click or tap here to see the rest of this insight.

Like a number of other East Asian languages, Japanese uses a complex system of honorifics, i.e. a system where a number of different levels of politeness are expressed in language via words, word forms or grammatical constructs. These can range from addressing someone or referring to someone with contempt (very informal) to expressing the highest level of reference (as used in addressing or referring to God) or any number of levels in-between.

One way Japanese shows different degree of politeness is through the choice of a third person singular and plural pronoun (“he,” “she,” “it” and their various forms) as shown here in the widely-used Japanese Shinkaiyaku (新改訳) Bible of 2017. While it’s not uncommon to avoid pronouns altogether in Japanese, there are is a range of third person pronouns that can be used. In these verses a number of them are used that pay particularly much respect to the referred person (or, in fact, God, as in Exodus 15:2), including kono kata (この方), sono kata (その方), and ano kata (あの方), meaning “this person,” “that person,” and “that person over there.”

(Source: S. E. Doi, see also S. E. Doi in Journal of Translation, 18/2022, p. 37ff. )

See also third person pronoun with exalted register.

Translation commentary on 1 Peter 4:11

Having mentioned God’s varied gifts, Peter now singles out two of these gifts, namely, preaching and service. The word translated preach is literally “speak,” but clearly refers to preaching, since the whole verse refers to the communal life of the Christian community, particularly in their worship of God (compare Phillips “If any of you is a preacher”; Barclay “If any of you speaks to the fellowship”).

Must preach God’s messages is literally “as the words of God,” with the one who speaks as the implicit subject, and “speaks” or “preaches” as the implicit verb. Some interpreters take “words” here as nominative, referring to Scripture (compare Rom 3.2); the meaning then would be that whoever preaches must preach as the Scriptures preach, or in other words, he must model his preaching on Scripture. Most, however, take “words” here to be accusative, referring generally to divine oracles (compare Revised Standard Version, New English Bible); the meaning then would be that whoever preaches must do so as if he is preaching the very words of God himself (compare Moffatt “he must preach as one who utters the words of God”). For word of God, see 1.23, 25.

A strictly literal translation of must preach God’s messages can be misleading, since it might be understood in the sense of a presumptuous taking over of God’s role. It is of course possible to render must preach God’s messages as “must preach the messages that come from God” or “must speak to people about the messages which God has proclaimed.” On the other hand, the quality of one’s preaching may be emphasized as “he must preach as one who represents God in what he says” or “… as one who has been commissioned by God to speak.” A strictly literal rendering of “who utters the words of God” might be understood merely in the sense of repeating God’s words after him in a more or less mechanical way.

The word for serves is a general term for any kind of service or ministry, which in the early church included feeding the hungry, caring for the sick, helping the poor, and welcoming strangers. Must serve with the strength that God gives him is literally “as out of the strength which God supplies,” with the person serving as the implicit subject, and the missing verb in the elliptical construction being “serves.”

In a number of languages serves can best be rendered as “helps,” so that whoever serves must serve with the strength that God gives him may be rendered as “whoever helps others should do so with the strength that God has given him for that work.”

So that marks the last part of this verse as purposive, but it is not clear whether this purpose clause is related simply to the injunctions of preaching and ministry, or to the whole passage beginning with verse 7b. The Good News Translation relates the clause to the immediately preceding injunction on service (compare Phillips, Moffatt); some other translations, however, make it quite clear by their restructuring that the purpose clause refers to the whole passage beginning with verse 7b (for example, Barclay “All your actions must be designed to bring glory to God…”; New English Bible “In all things so act that the glory may be God’s through Jesus Christ…”; Die Bibel im heutigen Deutsch “With all that we do, we should give God the honor…”). This second position seems to be more attractive, since it is clear that in all things encompasses more than just preaching or service.

As a means of suggesting the broader implications of the purpose clause in verse 11, it is possible to translate “in whatever you do, be sure that this causes praise to be given to God through Jesus Christ” or “… causes people to praise God through Jesus Christ.”

Praise may be given to God through Jesus Christ is literally “God may be glorified through Jesus Christ,” with “glorified” having the meaning of “praised” or “honored” (Die Bibel im heutigen Deutsch). Through Jesus Christ may be interpreted to mean either that it is Jesus Christ who enables them to praise God, or else that it is because of Jesus Christ (that is, their relationship to him) that they are now able to praise God.

If the phrase through Jesus Christ is interpreted to mean that Jesus Christ is the one who enables people to praise God, this meaning may be made clear by rendering the phrase through Jesus Christ as a separate clause, for example, “Jesus Christ causes this to be possible.” If, however, Jesus Christ is to be understood as the one who makes this possible because of the believer’s relationship to him, one may then render the phrase through Jesus Christ as “praise may be given to God because such a person belongs to Jesus Christ.”

To whom refers most probably to God and not to Jesus Christ, in view of the practice of ascribing glory and power to God in most doxologies in the New Testament (compare 5.11), although the word order in the Greek favors Jesus Christ rather than God.

Glory probably has the meaning “honor.”

The final clause of verse 11, namely, to whom belong glory and power forever and ever, must in a number of circumstances be made a separate sentence, for example, “God possesses glory and power forever and ever” or “there is no end to the glory and power of God.”

A number of languages have borrowed the expression Amen, but usually employ it only in terms of an ending to a prayer. It may therefore be far more appropriate to use some such expression as “indeed this is true” or “verily, this is so,” or in a somewhat more idiomatic form, “agreed, agreed!”

Quoted with permission from Arichea, Daniel C. and Nida, Eugene A. A Handbook on The First Letter from Peter. (UBS Handbook Series). New York: UBS, 1980. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .

Commentaire sur la traduction de la première lettre de Pierre 4.11

Après s’être référé aux divers dons accordés par Dieu, Pierre en mentionne maintenant deux en particulier : celui de la parole et celui du service. Concernant chaque don, il donne des conseils spécifiques.

Si quelqu’un parle que ce soit pour transmettre les paroles de Dieu : le grec est beaucoup plus bref, litt. « si quelqu’un parle, comme paroles de Dieu ». Il pourrait s’agir d’un contexte plus ou moins général, mais il semble que ces recommandations s’appliquent particulièrement aux cultes ou aux assemblés.

La conjonction Si ici et plus loin n’introduit pas une hypothèse mais présente plutôt un exemple. On pourra alors dire « Lorsque quelqu’un parle, il doit… » La Bible en français courant l’exprime comme une recommandation forte : « Que celui qui a le don de la parole transmette les paroles de Dieu ».

quelqu’un pourra être un prédicateur, un enseignant, un prophète chrétien ou n’importe quel chrétien. Dans certaines langues, on pourra dire « Si l’un de vous… »

parle : il ne s’agit pas de n’importe quel discours, mais d’une parole adressée à la communauté chrétienne. Ainsi on pourra rendre explicite « Si l’un de vous parle à la communauté… »

que ce soit pour transmettre les paroles de Dieu : la Traduction œcuménique de la Bible ajoute les mots sous-entendus que ce soit pour transmettre qui ne figurent pas en grec. Dans beaucoup de langues, il sera nécessaire de répéter le verbe parle ou introduire un autre verbe comme « dire », par exemple, « Si quelqu’un parle, qu’il dise les paroles de Dieu ». La Good News Bible suggère « Quiconque prêche doit prêcher les messages de Dieu ».

les paroles de Dieu : certains commentateurs estiment que ces mots se réfèrent aux Saintes Écritures. En Rom 3.2, la même expression est employée pour désigner les révélations accordées aux Juifs par Dieu. Le sens serait alors que quiconque prêche, doit prêcher selon ce qui est dit dans les Écritures. Autrement dit, le prédicateur doit se conformer aux vérités dans les Écritures Saintes. Cependant, la plupart des biblistes considèrent que les mots paroles de Dieu désignent des messages inspirés par Dieu. Celui qui prend la parole ne doit pas communiquer ses propres idées mais celles inspirées par Dieu. Voir aussi 1 Pierre 1.23. Il est à noter que là, le mot est au singulier, alors qu’ici il est au pluriel. On pourra parler des « messages qui viennent de Dieu ».

si quelqu’un assure le service est littéralement « si quelqu’un sert ». Pour la valeur du si, voir plus haut.

assure le service : il s’agit du même verbe διακονέω diakoneô qui figure dans le verset précédent (1 Pierre 4.10). Ici il a un sens général désignant tout service ou ministère. Dans la première Église, ceci pouvait comprendre nourrir les affamés, prendre soin des malades, aider les pauvres et accueillir les étrangers. La Bible en français courant qualifie ce service de « don » : « que celui qui a le don de servir ». On pourra dire « si quelqu’un a le don d’aider » ou « si quelqu’un veut aider les autres ».

que ce soit avec la force que Dieu accorde : comme dans ce qui précède, la proposition avec si est suivi d’un conseil. Il y a encore une fois une ellipse du verbe en grec, litt. « (qu’il serve) comme avec la force que Dieu fournit ». La Parole de Vie exprime bien l’idée : « Celui qui sert doit servir avec la force que Dieu donne ». On pourra dire « que celui qui aide les autres le fasse avec la force que Dieu lui donne ».

afin que par Jésus Christ Dieu soit totalement glorifié est litt. « afin qu’en toutes choses Dieu soit glorifié par Jésus-Christ ». afin que (grec : ἵνα hina) introduit le but formulé ici : que par Jésus-Christ Dieu soit… glorifié. Est-ce que cette proposition est en rapport seulement avec les deux dernières exhortations concernant le service et l’annonce des paroles de Dieu ou est-ce en rapport avec toute la série d’exhortations énoncées depuis 1 Pierre 4.7 ? Dans la Traduction œcuménique de la Bible, cette proposition semble être reliée uniquement à ce qui précède, mais la formulation présentée dans d’autres versions suggère que le but introduit par afin que se réfère à l’ensemble des versets 4.7b-11a. La mention de « toutes choses » suggère aussi cette dernière interprétation. Plusieurs versions l’adoptent : « il faut qu’en toutes choses gloire soit rendue à Dieu… » (Bible en français courant) ou « Agissez en toutes ces choses de manière à ce que la gloire revienne à Dieu » (La Bible du Semeur). On pourrait dire « Tout ce que vous faites par Jésus-Christ doit glorifier Dieu ».

par Jésus Christ : en grec ces mots se trouvent après Dieu soit … glorifié. Cette expression peut signifier deux choses : soit que Jésus-Christ est celui qui rend les gens capables de louer Dieu, soit c’est à cause de Jésus-Christ que les croyants doivent louer Dieu. Dans le premier cas, on pourra dire « Jésus-Christ rend cela possible ». Si la seconde interprétation est préférée, une formulation possible sera « il faut qu’en toutes choses Dieu soit glorifié parce que vous appartenez à Jésus-Christ ». Pour faire ressortir les implications de ce but, il est possible de dire « dans tout ce que vous faites, soyez sûrs que cela serve à glorifier Dieu par Jésus-Christ ».

Dieu soit totalement glorifié : la traduction du grec « en toutes choses » par l’adverbe totalement dans la Traduction œcuménique de la Bible n’est pas convaincante. Le sens n’est pas qu’il sera totalement glorifié, mais qu’« en toutes chose qu’il soit glorifié ». Cette expression rappelle « la fin de toutes choses » (1 Pierre 4.7) et « avant toutes choses » (1 Pierre 4.8) au début de cette section et semblerait être une inclusion, une répétition signalant la fin de cette section.

glorifié veut dire « louer » ou « honorer ». Voir 1 Pierre 2.12. Dans beaucoup de langues, il vaut mieux tourner à l’actif : « afin que les gens louent Dieu en toute choses ».

à qui appartiennent gloire et domination pour les siècles des siècles : à qui se rapporte très probablement à Dieu plutôt qu’à Jésus Christ. En effet, dans les formules de louange dans le NT il est plus fréquent d’attribuer gloire et domination à Dieu, bien que l’ordre des mots du texte grec puisse suggérer les deux interprétations. Comp. 1 Pierre 5.11. En fait, les versions sont divisées à ce sujet : la traduction de la Traduction œcuménique de la Bible suggère qu’il s’agit de Dieu, mais plusieurs versions (Bible en français courant, Parole de Vie, Bible de Jérusalem, Nouvelle Bible Segond) semblent opter pour Jésus Christ.

gloire et domination : pour gloire, voir ci-dessus. domination rend un mot qui veut dire « force » ou « puissance ». Voir Éph 1.19. Ainsi la Bible en français courant parle de « la gloire et la puissance ».

pour les siècles des siècles est litt. « d’âge en âge ». Dans la majorité des langues on dira simplement « pour toujours ». Dans certaines langues, un idéophone pourra exprimer cette notion. Dans d’autres langues, il sera nécessaire de formuler cette proposition dans une phrase indépendante, par exemple « Dieu possède la gloire et la puissance pour toujours ». La Parole de Vie dit « A lui [Dieu] la gloire et la puissance pour toujours ». On pourra aussi dire « il mérite l’honneur et le pouvoir pour toujours ».

Amen : beaucoup de langues ont un mot d’emprunt, par exemple, « amin », mais parfois il n’est utilisé que pour marquer la fin d’une prière. Ici il a le sens « Qu’il soit ainsi », qui peut être rendu dans la traduction.

Source: Margot, Jean-Claude. La première lettre de Pierre – Manuel de traduction – Commentaire linguistique et exégétique de la Bible. Alliance biblique universelle, 2021.

SIL Translator’s Notes on 1 Peter 4:11

4:11a

If anyone speaks: The Greek conjunction that the Berean Standard Bible translates as If, in this context, is better understood as “when.” Many English versions do not translate the conjunction. Some other ways to translate this word are:

When someone speaks…
-or-
anyone who speaks… (New Century Version)

speaks: The word speaks in this context refers to preaching or teaching about God. This is another way to translate this verb:

preach (Good News Translation)

he should speak as one conveying the words of God: The Greek phrase that the Berean Standard Bible translates as the very words of God is literally “the oracles/utterances of God.” The Berean Standard Bible has supplied the words he speak as one conveying. Peter was saying that anyone who spoke about God should realize his responsibility and speak God’s word truthfully. Other ways to translate this include:

Those who preach must preach God’s messages (Good News Translation)
-or-
Anyone who speaks should speak words from God (New Century Version)
-or-
Whoever speaks must do so as one speaking the very words of God (New Revised Standard Version)

the words of God: The Greek phrase that the Berean Standard Bible translates as the words of God in this context means “messages from God.” Here is another way to translate this phrase:

God’s message (Contemporary English Version)

4:11b

If anyone serves: Again, Peter was not questioning whether this would happen. He meant “whenever anyone serves,” so it may be more natural to say:

When someone serves…

serves: The Greek word that the Berean Standard Bible translates as serves refers to any kind of service to other people. Some examples of this are caring for the sick, helping the orphans and widows, and welcoming strangers. See how you translated this word in 4:10a.

he should serve with the strength God provides: A person who wants to help others should serve with the strength God gives. This implies that he should work hard and enthusiastically. In some languages it may be necessary to translate the abstract noun strength as a verb phrase or an adjective:

he should serve as God makes him strong/able
-or-
he should work ⌊hard⌋ as God strengthens him

General Comment on 4:11a–b

Peter was using the third person to speak about the people he was writing to. In some languages it may be clearer to change the 3rd person “he” to the 2nd person plural “you” as in 4:2:

If you speak, you should give God’s message. If you serve, you should do it with the strength God provides.
-or-
Are you a speaker? Speak as one who utters God’s oracles. Do you give service? Give it in the strength which God supplies. (Revised English Bible)

4:11c

so that in all things God may be glorified through Jesus Christ: This is a purpose clause. Believers should speak God’s message and serve in God’s strength in order that God might receive praise.

God may be glorified: In this context, the Greek word that the Berean Standard Bible translates as glorified means “honored.” People would thank and honor God for what his people had been doing to help others. This is a passive. If it is more natural to use an active verb you may say:

God may receive praise/glory/ honor
-or-

⌊People⌋ may praise/glorify God

4:11d

to whom be the glory and the power forever and ever: There are two ways of translating this doxology:

(1) It is a statement. For example:

To him belong glory and dominion forever and ever. (Revised Standard Version)

(Good News Translation, Contemporary English Version, English Standard Version, New Jerusalem Bible, New American Standard Bible, NET Bible, God’s Word, New Living Translation (2004), Revised English Bible, New Century Version, Revised Standard Version)

(2) It is a wish. For example:

…to whom be praise and dominion for ever and ever. (King James Version)

(Berean Standard Bible, New International Version, King James Version)

It is recommended that you follow interpretation (1).

to whom: There are two ways of understanding the pronoun whom :

(1) It refers to God. For example:

[so that in everything God may receive the glory, through Jesus Christ,] since to him alone belong all glory and power… (New Jerusalem Bible)

(New Jerusalem Bible; implied by Revised English Bible, NET Bible, New Living Translation (2004), New Century Version, Revised Standard Version, New International Version)

(2) It refers to Christ. For example:

Glory and power belong to Jesus Christ…! (God’s Word)

(Berean Standard Bible, Good News Translation, King James Version, New American Standard Bible, Contemporary English Version, God’s Word)

It is recommended that you follow interpretation (1), since in the previous verse part Peter had been talking about glorifying God.

Amen: The word Amen means “let it be so.” Many languages transliterate this word. Some other ways to translate this word in English are:

Truly!
-or-
Indeed!
-or-
So it shall be.

© 2018 by SIL International®
Made available under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License (CC BY-SA) creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0.
All Scripture quotations in this publication, unless otherwise indicated, are from The Holy Bible, Berean Standard Bible.
BSB is produced in cooperation with Bible Hub, Discovery Bible, OpenBible.com, and the Berean Bible Translation Committee.