SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 2021 – Page 14

SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 10:15

10:15a

Thus it will be done to you, O Bethel: This clause indicates that what will happen to Bethel is similar to what happened at Beth Arbel. Just like Shalman brutally destroyed that city, someone will brutally destroy Bethel also. The word Thus introduces this comparison.

Here are some other ways to introduce this comparison:

You will share that fate, Bethel (New Living Translation (2004))
-or-

So will it happen to you, O Bethel (NET Bible)

it will be done to you, O Bethel: In Hebrew, this clause is more literally “he/it will do to you Bethel.” The Hebrew clause does not specify the referent of “he/it.” There are two main interpretations:

(1) The referent is intentionally impersonal. Hosea directs the reader’s attention to what will happen, not to who or what does the action. For example:

so it shall be done to you, Bethel. (New Jerusalem Bible)

(2) The referent is Bethel. In this interpretation Bethel is the agent, not a vocative. For example:

So shall Bethel do unto you (King James Version)

It is recommended that you follow interpretation (1) along with most versions.

to you, O Bethel: There is a textual issue here:

(1) The Masoretic Text has “to you Bethel.” For example:

so it shall be done to you, Bethel (New Jerusalem Bible)

(2) The LXX has “to you, House of Israel.” For example:

Thus it shall be done to you, O house of Israel (Revised Standard Version)

It is recommended that you follow option (1) along with most versions.

In Hebrew, these words are literally “to you (plur) Bethel (sing).” The plural you probably refers to the individual people of the city of Bethel. In Hebrew, Hosea speaks directly to the city of Bethel as one would speak to a person. However, to address a city in this way may not be natural in some languages.

Here are some other ways to translate this vocative:

That is what will happen to you, people of Bethel (Good News Translation)
-or-
Thus it will be done to you at Bethel (New American Standard Bible)

Use a vocative that is natural in your language when a person speaks to a group of people.

10:15b

because of your great wickedness: This statement gives the reason why Bethel will be destroyed. Bethel was the center of worship of the calf idol, and it represented the extreme wickedness of Israel. In Hebrew, the word because here is literally “from-the face-of.” It is a Hebrew expression that means “by reason of.”

Here are some other ways to translate this statement:

because of the terrible evil that you have done (Good News Translation)
-or-
because you did so much evil. (New Century Version)
-or-
For your horrible wickedness (Tanakh: The Holy Scriptures)

10:15c

When the day dawns, the king of Israel will be utterly cut off: This clause indicates that the enemy soldiers (Assyrian army) will quickly capture and imprison the king of Israel very early in the war. See 2 Kings 17:4, 5. Some versions make this meaning explicit. For example:

as swiftly as the passing of dawn, the king of Israel will be swept away. (Revised English Bible)

When the day dawns: There is a textual issue here:

(1) The Masoretic Text has “at the dawn.” For example:

At dawn the king of Israel will be completely cut off. (New Revised Standard Version)

(CBSB, EV, English Standard Version, Good News Translation, God’s Word, King James Version, New American Standard Bible, New Century Version, NET Bible, New International Version, New Jerusalem Bible, Tanakh: The Holy Scriptures, New Living Translation (2004), New Revised Standard Version, Revised English Bible)

(2) Some scholars think that the original text was “in the storm.” For example:

In the storm the king of Israel shall be utterly cut off. (Revised Standard Version)

(Revised Standard Version)

It is recommended that you follow option (1) along with most versions.

The word “dawn” refers to early morning just before sunrise.” It was common to start a battle early in the day to give the attackers the advantage of surprise.

the king of Israel will be utterly cut off: This clause means that the Assyrians will take captive the king of Israel, king Hoshea. It also means that no other Israelite kings will rule after him.

Here are some ways to translate this whole verse part:

at dawn, the king of Israel will be no more (New Jerusalem Bible)
-or-
As soon as the battle begins at daybreak, the position of “king of Israel” will be gone.

This clause is more literally “the king of Israel destroyed he will be destroyed.” In Hebrew, this repetition intensifies the meaning.

Here are some ways to indicate this intensity:

the king of Israel will be completely destroyed. (New International Version)
-or-
the ruling of any king of Israel will completely end.

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All Scripture quotations in this publication, unless otherwise indicated, are from The Holy Bible, Berean Standard Bible.
BSB is produced in cooperation with Bible Hub, Discovery Bible, OpenBible.com, and the Berean Bible Translation Committee.

SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 13:6

13:6–8

In 13:4–5, the LORD speaks to the people of Israel using 2nd person pronouns such as “you” and “your.” In 13:6–8, he speaks about the people of Israel using 3rd person pronouns such as “they” and “them.”

Some versions, such as the Good News Translation, translate these verses with 2nd person pronouns instead of 3rd person. Translate these pronouns in a natural way in your language.

13:6a–c

Notice the three poetic lines:

6a When they had pasture, they became satisfied;

6b when they were satisfied, their hearts became proud,

6c and as a result they forgot Me.

These lines describe three stages of Israel’s changing attitude toward the LORD. In Deut 8:11–14 the same three stages are described. Both passages have the same Hebrew words for “satisfied,” “proud,” and “forget.” It is recommended that you translate these Hebrew words in a similar way in both places.

13:6a

When they had pasture, they became satisfied: There are two main textual options in the first part of this clause (a single word in Hebrew):

(1) The Masoretic Text is more literally “according to their pasturage.” With this option, the clause focuses on the relationship between eating/grazing and being satisfied. The source of the food is left implied. For example:

As they had their pasture, they became satisfied (New American Standard Bible)
-or-
but when they had grazed, they became full (English Standard Version)

(2) Some scholars think that the original text was “as/when I pastured them.” With this option, the relationship between eating/grazing and being satisfied is similar. “I” (the LORD) is explicitly stated as the source of the food. For example:

I gave them food, and they became full and satisfied. (New Century Version)

The Display will follow option (1). However, option (2) is also well supported by versions and commentaries. With both options, the result of available pasturage (food) is that the people are satisfied. Even with option (1), the historical context of Israel’s time in the wilderness along with the context of 13:3 strongly implies that it was the LORD who supplied them with their food.

had pasture: The Hebrew word for had pasture is more literally “pasturage.” It usually refers to the grass or other vegetation that domestic animals eat. Here the word is probably figurative. It may refer particularly to manna that the LORD provided for his people in the desert of Sinai. Or it may refer to all the food and other provisions that the people of Israel needed to thrive.

satisfied: In Hebrew, this word means “to eat one’s fill.”

Here are some other ways to translate this word:

became full and satisfied (New Century Version)
-or-
They became full (English Standard Version)

13:6b

when they were satisfied, their hearts became proud: The LORD met the people’s needs. But instead of being thankful to him, they became proud.

In some languages, it may not be natural to include the phrase when they were satisfied in both 6a and 6b. Some versions leave this phrase implied. For example:

and then you grew proud (Good News Translation)

hearts became proud: In Hebrew, the phrase hearts became proud is more literally “and their heart was lifted up.” This expression means they were proud/arrogant. Here it indicates that the people did not acknowledge the LORD. They thought they did not need him.

13:6c

as a result they forgot Me: In Hebrew, this clause is more literally “therefore they forgot me.” The word “therefore” introduces the result or consequence of their prideful response to God’s provision.

Here are some ways to indicate result or consequence:

therefore they forgot me (Revised Standard Version)
-or-

And so they forgot Me (Tanakh: The Holy Scriptures)
-or-

That is why you forgot me (God’s Word)

forgot Me: Here the Hebrew word means to stop thinking/caring about the LORD. It probably implies at least these four things:

• They ignored their commitment to the LORD and to their covenant obligations.

• They followed other gods.

• They stopped temple worship.

• They trusted in the things they had instead of trusting in the LORD.

SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 2:18

2:18a

On that day: This is the same phrase that was used in 2:16a, and it refers to the same future time. For that reason, some versions do not repeat it here but leave it implied. That is an acceptable option as long as it is clear that the time period is the same.

I will make a covenant for them: The word covenant is an important theological word that is used many times in the book of Hosea. Usually it refers to an agreement between God and people. Here it refers to an agreement that the LORD made with the animals for the benefit of the Israelites. If your key term for covenant does not allow this use, you may need to use a different term. For example:

I will make an agreement (New Century Version)
-or-
I shall make a treaty (New Jerusalem Bible)
-or-
I will cause…to agree

for them: In this context, the Hebrew word that most versions translate as for means “for the benefit of” or “on behalf of.” For example:

on Israel’s behalf (Revised English Bible)

Some versions leave the phrase for them implied. Most of these versions use other phrases to clarify the kind of benefits that Israel will enjoy. For example:

I will make a covenant with all the wild animals and birds, so that they will not harm my people. (Good News Translation)

them: Here in 2:18a, the pronoun them refers to the Israelites. The Good News Translation uses the phrase “my people.” The Contemporary English Version continues to use “you.”

with the beasts of the field and the birds of the air and the creatures that crawl on the ground: In this context, these three phrases represent all animals that could cause harm to people or crops. The same three phrases occur in Genesis 1:30, although the context is different. See how you translated the same phrases there.

the beasts of the field: This phrase refers to untamed animals that are often dangerous to people.

Here is another way to translate this phrase:

the wild animals (New Jerusalem Bible)

the birds of the air: This phrase refers to flying creatures. In English, the words of the air are redundant, because the word birds includes this idea. So some English versions leave the words of the air implied. For example:

the birds (God’s Word)

the creatures that crawl on the ground: This phrase refers to small animals, including reptiles. In English, the category “wild animals” can include small animals. That is perhaps why some English versions, as the Good News Translation, leave this phrase implied.

In other languages, it may be necessary to use two categories to express the meaning of this phrase. For example:

crawling things and slithering things

Use categories that are natural in your language for describing the same kinds of living creatures. You may need to use more or less than three categories.

2:18b

And I will abolish bow and sword and weapons of war in the land: This clause expresses an additional promise from the LORD. It is not related to the covenant with the animals in 2:18a. In some languages, it may be necessary to clarify that this is a separate promise. For example:

I will also remove… (Good News Translation)

abolish: In Hebrew, this word is literally “break.” It means “to break” the weapons in order to end warfare.

Here are some other ways to translate this word:

remove (Good News Translation)
-or-
destroy (God’s Word)

bow and sword and weapons of war: The bow and the sword were the two main weapons of war during the time of Hosea. Here these weapons are used as a figure of speech (synecdoche) that represents all weapons of war. The phrase weapons of war then summarizes and extends the figure to mean “warfare” or “battle” (New International Version, English Standard Version, Revised Standard Version)

Here are some other ways to translate this phrase:

weapons of war (Contemporary English Version)
-or-
all weapons of war from the land, all swords and bows (Good News Translation)
-or-
the bow, the sword, and war from the land (English Standard Version)

2:18c

and: The Hebrew conjunction waw that the Berean Standard Bible translates as and can have many different functions. Most English versions translate it here as and. But in this context, it probably introduces the purpose or intended result of the LORD’s previous actions. The purpose/result is that the people of Israel can live in safety.

This conjunction probably refers back to two actions: making the covenant (2:18a) and abolishing war (2:18b). Use a natural way in your language to introduce the purpose or intended result of the LORD’s previous actions.

Here are some other ways to translate this phrase:

so that (New International Version)
-or-
The result will be that (Translation for Translators)

them lie down in safety: This statement tells what happens after the LORD makes the covenant with the animals and abolishes war. To lie down in safety means to sleep without fear of danger. It is a figure of speech that represents a safe life, not only safe sleep. In some languages, it may be clearer to translate this meaning directly and not keep the figure of speech. For example:

and will let my people live in peace and safety (Good News Translation)
-or-
so people can live safely (God’s Word)
-or-
so that they will have no cause to fear

SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 5:3

5:3a–b

Notice the parallel parts that are similar in meaning:

3a
I know all about Ephraim,

3b and Israel is not hidden from Me.

In Hebrew and in the Berean Standard Bible, the parallel parts are arranged in the form of a chiasm. The parts in 5:3a occur in the opposite order from the parallel parts in 5:3b. Some versions do not use a chiasm. For example:

3a
Ephraim have I known,

3b
Israel is not hidden from me; (New Jerusalem Bible)

Use an order that is natural in your language.

In these lines the LORD indicated that he knows everything that the people of Israel do. In some languages, it may be helpful to make explicit what the LORD knows about the people. For example:

3a I know Ephraim all too well;

3b
the evil of Israel is not hidden from me. (NET Bible)

I know all about…is not hidden from Me: Each of these two phrases has a similar meaning. In this context, the meaning is that the LORD knows all about the evil deeds of the people. They may think that they are doing evil in secret, but he sees everything they do.

Ephraim…Israel: In these parallel lines, Ephraim is probably a figure of speech (synecdoche) that represents all the people of the nation of Israel.

General Comment on 5:3a–b

In some languages, it may be more natural to combine one or more of the parallel parts. For example:

I know what Israel is like—she cannot hide from me. (Good News Translation)
-or-
I know what you are like, O Israel ! (New Living Translation (1996))

5:3c–d

Notice the parallel parts that are similar in meaning:

3c For now, O Ephraim, you have turned to prostitution;

3d
Israel is defiled.

There are at least two ways to interpret the connection between 5:3c–d and 5:3a–b:

(1) Line 5:3c begins with two Hebrew words that indicate emphasis. These words introduce parallel statements (5:3c–d) that explain in more detail what the LORD said in 5:3a–b. These statements specify that Ephraim has turned to prostitution and Israel is corrupt. For example:

Behold, you have fornicated, O Ephraim; Israel has defiled himself! (Tanakh: The Holy Scriptures)

(2) Line 5:3c begins with two Hebrew words that indicate a contrast. These words introduce parallel statements (5:3c–d) that contrast with what the LORD said in 5:3a–b. According to this interpretation, the LORD knew and cared for Ephraim/Israel, but they responded by turning to immorality and defiling themselves. For example:

but now Ephraim has become promiscuous and Israel has brought defilement on himself (Revised English Bible)

It is recommended that you follow interpretation (1). The some versions leave the connection between 5:3c–d and 5:3a–b implied.

Ephraim…Israel: See the note for 5:3a–b.

you have turned to prostitution: The Hebrew word that the Berean Standard Bible translates as you have turned to prostitution is the same word as in 4:10 and 4:18. It means “fornication” with a person or “unfaithfulness” towards God. Here it probably means both at the same time.

Here are some other ways to translate it:

she has been unfaithful (Good News Translation)
-or-
Ephraim has become promiscuous (Revised English Bible)

is defiled: The Hebrew word that the Berean Standard Bible translates as is defiled is literally “it has made itself unclean.” The word refers to the people’s moral impurity. It also refers to their spiritual impurity that was caused by breaking the commands of their covenant with the LORD. The people were guilty of both kinds of impurity.

Here are some other ways to translate this line:

Israel is corrupt (New International Version)
-or-
I find you unacceptable (Contemporary English Version)
-or-
her people are unfit to worship me (Good News Translation)

General Comment on 5:3c–d

In some languages, it may be more natural to combine and/or reorder the parallel parts. For example:

Now that Israel acts like a prostitute, it has made itself unclean. (New Century Version)
-or-
Israel has defiled herself like a prostitute!

SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 7:9

7:9a–b

Notice the parallel parts that are similar in meaning:

9a
Foreigners consume his strength, but he does not notice.

9b
Even his hair is streaked with gray, but he does not know.

Both lines describe the weakened condition of the nation of Israel and their lack of awareness of it. The first line gives a literal description of what has weakened Israel. The second line describes its weakness with a metaphor.

7:9a

Foreigners consume his strength: This clause refers to the harmful and weakening effect that other nations had on Israel. For example, the king of Assyria reduced Israel’s strength by capturing cities, sending people into exile, and requiring the payment of large amounts of money (2 Kings 15:19–31).

consume his strength: In Hebrew, this phrase is literally “consumed/eaten his strength.” In this context, it means to weaken Israel or reduce Israel’s strength as a country.

Here are some other ways to translate this clause:

Foreigners are using up your strength (God’s Word)
-or-
Other nations made them weak

but: The statement that follows contrasts with the previous statement. Many versions introduce the contrast with a word such as but. Use a natural way in your language to introduce a contrast with the previous statement.

he does not notice: In Hebrew, this clause is literally “he knows not.” In this context, it indicates that the people of Israel fail to perceive or recognize that they have become weak. It may also imply that they are not willing to admit it.

Here are some other ways to translate this clause:

they don’t even know it (New Living Translation (2004))
-or-
he is unaware (Revised English Bible)
-or-
he has taken no notice (Tanakh: The Holy Scriptures)

7:9b

his hair is streaked with gray: This statement is a metaphor. In this metaphor, the nation of Israel is compared to a man with gray hair.

Here are some ways in which they are similar:

(a) Both are nearing the end of their lifetime.

(b) Both are weak.

Here are some ways to translate this metaphor along with the following clause:

• Keep the metaphor. For example:

even his hair is turning grey but he is unconscious of it. (New Jerusalem Bible)

• Change the metaphor to a simile. For example:

The people of Israel are like a man whose hair is grey.

• Change the metaphor into a simile and make explicit one or more of the similarities. For example:

Israel is like an old man with graying hair, unaware of how weak and old he has become. (New Living Translation (2004))

• Translate the meaning without using a figure of speech. For example:

Their days are numbered, but they don’t even know it. (Good News Translation)

but he does not know: In Hebrew, these words are the same as the words “he does not notice” in 7:9a.

SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 9:11

9:11a

Ephraim’s glory will fly away like a bird: This clause is a simile that compares the glory of Ephraim to a bird that flies away. It indicates that Israel will lose its glory. The context of 9:11b through 9:14 suggests that Ephraim’s glory probably refers here to the population of Israel. The LORD will punish the people by withdrawing his blessing of fertility. Their population will decrease because they can no longer have children.

glory: In this context, the word glory probably means “abundant” in reference to the number of people.

9:11b

with no birth, no pregnancy, and no conception: These phrases are more literally “no child bearing and no womb and no conception.” They further explain what will happen when “Ephraim’s glory” flies away. The women of Israel will be barren.

Note the order of the phrases no birth, no pregnancy, no conception. This is a reversal of the natural order, which is conception, pregnancy and then birth. This reverse order may indicate increasing severity of the punishment. None of the steps necessary for Israel to survive as a nation will occur: not birth, not pregnancy, not even conception.

Some versions change the order of these phrases. It is recommended that you keep the order as it is here unless there is good reason in your language to change it.

In some languages, it may be helpful to use phrases instead of single words to make the meaning clearer. For example:

there will be no more children born to them, no more women pregnant, no more children conceived (Good News Translation)

SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 11:11

11:11a–b

Notice the parallel parts that are similar in meaning:

11a They will come trembling like birds from Egypt

11b and like doves from the land of Assyria.

There is an ellipsis in the second line. In some languages, it may be necessary to supply the missing words from the first line. For example:

11b
⌊ They will come trembling⌋like doves from the land of Assyria.

Each line is a metaphor. The metaphors compare the movement of the children to the movement of birds. In these metaphors, the English word order may wrongly imply that it is the birds/doves that come from Egypt or Assyria. Be sure to make clear in your translation that it is the people who come from these countries. As they come, they are like birds/doves that flutter their wings.

They will come trembling like birds from Egypt and like doves from the land of Assyria: There are two main interpretations of the Hebrew word that the Berean Standard Bible translates as trembling. See the comments and recommendation about the phrase “will come trembling” in 11:10b.

birds from Egypt and like doves: The Hebrew word for birds is a general word for a bird, a flying creature with wings. The Hebrew word for doves means a specific kind of bird, a dove or pigeon. These are domesticated birds that are easily frightened. If doves and pigeons are unknown in your area, another option is to substitute a different kind of bird with similar characteristics that is known in your area.

Egypt…Assyria: These two locations, in addition to “the west” in 11:10b, may be examples of the various parts of the world where his children will live in exile.

General Comment on 11:11a–b

See 11:11a–b (combined/reordered) in the Display for a way to combine and/or reorder these two lines.

11:11c

I will settle them in their homes: There is a textual issue in this clause concerning the word that the Berean Standard Bible translates as settle :

(1) The Masoretic Text has “cause them to dwell.” For example:

I shall settle them in their homes (New Jerusalem Bible)

(2) LXX has “cause to return.” For example:

I will bring them to their homes again (Good News Translation)

It is recommended that you follow option (1) along with a majority of versions. It fits the context well. However, option (2) is also acceptable. The meaning is very similar, and it has support from ancient versions.

homes: Here the word means more than houses, since many of their houses were already destroyed. It probably refers to their inherited land and property.

declares the LORD: This is the same expression as in 2:13c. See the note on that passage. This phrase emphasizes that the message was directly from the LORD. It also marks the end of this section of Hosea.

Division 11:12–13:16 Messages of judgment

The main theme of the messages in this division is Israel’s past and present corruption. As a result of it, the LORD will bring judgment against them.

In this division, the LORD and Hosea alternate as the speaker. The LORD refers to himself using first person pronouns (“I/me”) in 11:12a–b, 12:9–10, 13:4–11, 14:4–8. In the other verses of this division, the speaker refers to the LORD using third person forms including “God,” “the Holy One,” “the LORD,” “he,” “the LORD God Almighty.” In these third person references, the Notes and Display will regard Hosea to be the speaker. The Hebrew text most often uses “Ephraim,” “Jacob,” “him,” they” or “he/it” to refer to the people or nation of Israel. Exceptions are when the speaker speaks directly to the people in 8:1, 12:6,9, 13:4–5, and 13:9–11 using the pronouns “you/your.”

SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 14:1

Division 14:1–9

A message of repentance and promise

This division concludes the book of Hosea. The mood is hopeful and the verses are poetic. Hosea pleads with the people of Israel to return to the LORD. If the people repent, the LORD will forgive them and restore their nation. The book of Hosea ends with a wise saying that is like a proverb. Here are some other examples of section headings:

Repentance to Bring Blessing (New International Version)
-or-
The Repentance and Reconciliation of Israel (New Jerusalem Bible)

Section 14:1–3

Hosea pleads with his fellow Israelites to return to the LORD

Hosea is the speaker in this section. He urges the people of Israel to acknowledge their sin and their need for the LORD. He gives them an example of a prayer that will express their repentance. Here are some other examples of section headings:

Hosea’s Plea to Israel (Good News Translation)
-or-
Turn back to the Lord (Contemporary English Version)

Paragraph 14:1–3

14:1a

Return, O Israel, to the LORD your God: In this clause, Hosea urges the nation of Israel to return to the LORD. This clause implies that the people are to repent and submit to the LORD.

O Israel: Here Hosea addressed the people of Israel directly. Some versions have added the word O to make it clear that O Israel is a term of address (vocative). Use a vocative that is natural in your language when a person speaks to a group of people.

The name Israel is a figure of speech that represents all the people of Israel. Some versions translate this meaning explicitly. For example:

Return to the Lord your God, people of Israel. (Good News Translation)

Return…to the LORD your God: In Hebrew, the form of the word Return here indicates an invitation or plea. Another way to translate Return is “come back.” For example:

Israel, come back to Yahweh your God (New Jerusalem Bible)

The Hebrew preposition translated as to indicates that the people need to fully and seriously return to the LORD. Some versions make this meaning more explicit by repeating the plea or by adding special punctuation. For example:

Israel, return! Come back to the Lord your God. (Contemporary English Version)

the LORD your God: The pronoun your in this phrase is a reminder to the people that the LORD is still their God, in spite of their sins. In some languages, this pronoun may imply that the LORD is not Hosea’s God. If that is true in your language, you may use the inclusive pronoun “our.”

14:1b

for you have stumbled by your iniquity: This clause states the reason for Hosea’s plea.

In Hebrew the clause begins with a word that introduces a reason. Some versions, such as the Berean Standard Bible above, translate this word as “because” or for.

Some other versions leave the reason implied. Use a natural way in your language to indicate that this clause is a reason.

The Hebrew word for iniquity is the same word that the Berean Standard Bible translates as “iniquity” in Hosea 13:12. See the note there on “iniquity…sin” for more information.

stumbled: The literal meaning is to fall physically. Here it has the figurative meaning of “to fail” or to be “ruined.” The people have sinned and have experienced ruin and failure as a result.

Here are two ways to translate this meaning:

• Translate the word as “stumble” and leave the figurative meaning implied. For example:

For you have stumbled because of your iniquity. (English Standard Version)

This option is acceptable in languages in which the figurative meaning will be understood.

• Translate the meaning directly. For example:

For your sin has been your downfall! (NET Bible)
-or-
Because your sins have ruined you.

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Source: SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 2021

SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 10:15

SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 13:6

SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 2:18

SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 5:3

SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 7:9

SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 9:11

SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 11:11

SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 14:1

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