SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 2021 – Page 11

SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 5:7

5:7a

They have been unfaithful to the LORD: The Hebrew word that the Berean Standard Bible translates as unfaithful means to deal treacherously with someone. Here it is a figure of speech (metaphor) in which the people’s unfaithfulness to the LORD is compared to unfaithfulness in a marriage. The people are unfaithful in the sense that they have broken their vow that they will worship only the LORD in order to worship Baal instead.

Here are some other ways to translate this line:

They have betrayed Yahweh (New Jerusalem Bible)
-or-
They have dealt treacherously against the Lord (New American Standard Bible)

5:7b

they have borne illegitimate children: This is a metaphor. The children are illegitimate in the sense that they do not belong to the LORD, the figurative husband of their mother. Instead, they worship Baal/idols like their mother did.

Here are some ways to translate this metaphor:

• Keep the metaphor of illegitimate children. For example:

for they have borne illegitimate children (New Revised Standard Version)
-or-
for their children are bastards (Revised English Bible)

• Change the metaphor to a simile. Consider making the similarity of the children to bastards explicit. For example:

Their children are ⌊like ⌋ bastards. ⌊They do not belong to him. ⌋

• Translate the meaning without using a figure of speech. For example:

their children do not belong to him (Good News Translation)

If you use the third option, consider adding a footnote that gives the figure of speech. If you use one of the first two options, consider using a footnote that explains the meaning of the figure of speech. For example:

In this verse, the people of Israel are compared to a wife whose husband is the LORD. The wife has been unfaithful. She has worshiped idols rather than the LORD. The children of the Israelites are called illegitimate children, because they also worship idols like their parents do.

5:7c

Now the New Moon will devour them along with their land: This sentence describes the LORD’s judgment against the people of Israel. It indicates that he will cause the people and their fields to be destroyed as a result of the sinful way that they celebrate the New Moon festivals. See the examples at the end of this note for some ways to translate this sentence.

Now: The word Now indicates that the judgment will start at that time or very soon. For example:

Soon the new moon festival… (NET Bible)

This judgment is the result of the people’s unfaithfulness in 5:7a–b. Some versions make explicit that this is the result. For example:

So now (Good News Translation)

the New Moon: This probably refers here, as in 2:11b, to the monthly religious celebrations that the people held on the first day of each month. At these festivals they offered sacrifices to the LORD, as they were originally commanded in Numbers 10:10, Numbers 28:11–15, and other passages.

It is implied from the context that the people angered the LORD by the way they celebrated these festivals. They may have done so hypocritically, as external rituals, while they continued to live wicked lives (see Isaiah 1:13–14). They may also have adopted Canaanite rituals as part of the festival.

In some languages, it may be necessary to make some of this implied information explicit. For example:

the ⌊wicked/hypocritical way ⌋ that they ⌊celebrate ⌋ the New Moon festivals

will devour them: In Hebrew, the word devour is literally “eat.” In this context, it is used figuratively to mean “destroy.” The destruction can be caused by drought, famine, disease, or human enemies. Here it probably refers to enemy armies that will destroy the people and their fields. Try not to specify exactly how the people will be destroyed. For example:

will cause them to be destroyed
-or-
will bring destruction upon them

along with their land: In Hebrew, this phrase refers to either land or fields. In this context, the meaning is similar. Both land and fields refer to places where grain is grown and where animals are raised.

Here are some other ways to translate 5:7c:

Therefore, you and your crops will soon be destroyed. This will happen because of your new moon rituals.
-or-
So now, as a result of ⌊the wrong/false way that they worship me ⌋ ⌊when it is time for ⌋ the new moon, ⌊I will bring ⌋ destruction on them and their lands.

© 2021 by SIL International®
Made available under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License (CC BY-SA) creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0.
All Scripture quotations in this publication, unless otherwise indicated, are from The Holy Bible, Berean Standard Bible.
BSB is produced in cooperation with Bible Hub, Discovery Bible, OpenBible.com, and the Berean Bible Translation Committee.

SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 7:13

Paragraph 7:13–14

7:13a–b

Notice the parallel parts that are similar in meaning:

13a
Woe to them, for they have strayed from me !

13b
Destruction to them, for they have rebelled against me !

In the first parallel pair in each line, the LORD declares that the people will experience disaster. The second parallel pair gives the reasons for this disaster.

Woe to them…Destruction to them: The first expression, Woe to them, predicts or threatens terrible trouble or sorrow for the people of Israel. The second expression identifies the Woe as Destruction or disaster. It warns the people that someone will destroy them.

Neither of these expressions has a verb. In some languages, it may be necessary to supply verbs. For example:

They will experience great trouble…Destruction will come to them
-or-
They will have great sorrow…They will die

Some languages may also express threats or warnings of this nature with an expression or exclamation that emphasizes the awfulness of the disaster. For example:

What sorrow awaits…! (New Living Translation (2004))
-or-
How horrible it will be… (God’s Word)

for: The Hebrew conjunction that the Berean Standard Bible translates as for introduces each of the parallel reasons for their destruction. In some languages, these reasons may be implied without a conjunction. For example:

Woe to them, they have strayed from me! Ruin to them, they have sinned against me! (New American Bible)

they have strayed from Me…they have rebelled against Me: The word strayed often refers to people who literally run away. Here it indicates that the people intentionally left or deserted God. The word rebelled indicates here that the people of Israel rebelled or revolted against the LORD, their divine ruler. They transgressed by breaking the terms of the covenant between them and the LORD.

Here are some other ways to translate these parallel reasons:

They left me…they turned against me (New Century Version)
-or-
those who have deserted me…they have rebelled against me (New Living Translation (2004))
-or-
They have run away from me…they’ve rebelled against me (God’s Word)

General Comment on 7:13a–b

In some languages, it may be more natural to reorder and/or combine the parallel parts. For example:

Trouble and destruction will be their reward for rejecting me! (Contemporary English Version)

In some languages, it may also be more natural to put the reasons before the results. For example:

13a They have turned away from me. Therefore they will experience great trouble.

13b They have revolted against me, so they will be destroyed.

7:13c

Though I would redeem them, they speak lies against Me: In this sentence, the LORD contrasts the good he is willing to do for the people with the evil that the people do against him. He is willing to save the people. But the lies that the people tell about him stop him from doing so.

I would redeem them: In Hebrew, this clause is literally “I will redeem them.” In this context, it probably refers to rescuing the people from enemy armies.

Some versions translate this clause as completed action. But here it probably expresses a current wish or desire, as in the Berean Standard Bible above. Here is another example:

I want to deliver them (NET Bible)

I…they: In Hebrew, the independent pronouns I and they emphasize the contrast between the LORD’s readiness to restore the people and the people’s rebellious attitude. If possible, translate in a way that expresses this strong contrast. For example:

As for me, I am ready to save them, but as for them, they only tell lies against me.

they speak lies against Me: The Hebrew word that the Berean Standard Bible translates as against Me can also be translated here as “about me” or “to me.” The following options are all acceptable ways to translate this clause:

• “about me” or “against me.” The clause means that the people give false information “about” the LORD. They do not tell the truth when they speak against him. For example:

they speak lies against me (English Standard Version)
-or-
they tell lies about me (Revised English Bible)

• “to me.” The clause means that the people are insincere when they pray. They do not tell the truth when they speak to the LORD. For example:

they have lied to me (NET Bible)
-or-
their worship of me was false. (Good News Translation)

SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 9:15

Paragraph 9:15–16 and 9:17

In the Berean Standard Bible and some other versions, 9:15–17 are one paragraph. TN will divide these verses into two paragraphs. In the first paragraph, the LORD is the speaker. He describes his punishment against Israel. In the second paragraph, Hosea is the speaker. He prophesies about Israel’s future situation.

9:15a–b

Notice the parallel parts that are similar in meaning:

15a
All their evil appears at Gilgal, for there I hated them.

15b
I will drive them from My house for the wickedness of their deeds.

9:15a

All their evil appears at Gilgal, for there I hated them: In Hebrew, this clause is more literally “all their wickedness at Gilgal for/indeed there I hated them on the wickedness of their deeds.” There are two main ways to interpret this clause:

(1) Because of all the wickedness of the people at Gilgal, God hated the people there. For example:

All their wickedness at Gilgal aroused my hatred. (Revised English Bible)
-or-
Because of all their evil in Gilgal, I hate them there. (NET Bible)

(2) All the wickedness of the people was at Gilgal. That is where their wickedness began and/or that is where the LORD began to hate them. For example:

Every evil of theirs is in Gilgal; there I began to hate them. (English Standard Version)
-or-
All their evildoing began in Gilgal. It was there that I began to hate them. (Good News Translation)

It is recommended that you follow interpretation (1). The city of Gilgal was well known as a place where people worshiped idols, but it was not the only center for idol worship.

Gilgal: The city of Gilgal was a major center of idol worship among the Israelites. See the note for 4:15b.

I hated them: This phrase means that the LORD opposed, detested, and rejected them. Hate separates people and keeps them distant. Here the hatred is intense. The word indicates that the LORD broke off his relationship with the people of Israel.

9:15b

I will drive them from My house for the wickedness of their deeds: This line probably refers to the people of the entire nation of Israel. The people of Israel are very wicked like those in Gilgal. As a consequence, the LORD will drive them out of his house.

I will drive them from My house: This clause probably means that the LORD will expel the people from his family. They will no longer enjoy the LORD’s blessings that he provided as part of his covenant relationship with them. This clause is similar to the statement “you are not my people, and I am not your God” in Hosea 1:9.

One aspect of this broken relationship will be physical separation. The LORD will expel the people from the land of Israel (The Good News Translation has: “out of my land.”). However, this translation unnecessarily limits the intended meaning. The land is only one privilege of the covenant that they will lose.

Most versions use the literal word house to translate this clause. But in Hosea, the LORD’s house usually refers to the temple. It is recommended that you use a different word or phrase here to avoid this wrong meaning. For example:

I will expel them from my household/family.
-or-
I will disown them.

wickedness of their deeds: Here are some other ways to translate this phrase:

evil (Good News Translation)
-or-
evil actions (New Living Translation (2004))
-or-
wickedness of their deeds (New Revised Standard Version)

9:15c

I will no longer love them: The LORD’s love for the people of Israel is another privilege of the covenant they will lose. This statement expresses the same idea as “I hated them” in 9:15a. See the note there for more information on the meaning and implications of this statement. This statement is very similar to “I will no longer have compassion on the house of Israel” in 1:6.

all their leaders are rebellious: The leaders of Israel repeatedly refused to follow the demands of the LORD. Their stubborn attitude was probably a major cause of the nation’s rebellion against the LORD. But the focus here is on the leaders themselves.

The word leaders refers to those who rule the kingdom of Israel. It includes the king, his officials, and military leaders. Here are some other ways to translate this clause:

all their princes are rebels (New Jerusalem Bible)
-or-
all their rulers are in revolt (Revised English Bible)
-or-
all their officials are disloyal (Tanakh: The Holy Scriptures)

SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 12:3

12:3a–4b

Notice the parallel parts that are similar in meaning:

3a
In the womb he grasped his brother’s heel;

3b and in his vigor he wrestled with God.

4a Yes, he struggled with the angel and prevailed;

4b
he wept and sought His favor;

Lines 3a and 3b may be a figure of speech that indicates completeness. Here it describes Jacob’s entire life. He struggled to overcome others from infancy to adulthood. Lines 4a and 4b give more details about Jacob’s behavior.

12:3a

In the womb he grasped his brother’s heel: In this clause, Hosea refers to Genesis 25:26, which describes the birth of Jacob and his twin brother Esau. Esau came out first, then Jacob. Jacob was holding Esau’s heel when he was born.

The Hebrew word that the Berean Standard Bible translates as “he grasped…heel” looks and sounds like the name “Jacob.” Genesis 25:26 indicates that he was named “Jacob” for this reason.

This Hebrew word has two main meanings. It can mean “he took by the heel.” It can also mean “he attacked/supplanted.” Hosea may be using the Hebrew word as a pun or wordplay on Jacob’s name in which both meanings are intended. Either of the following translation options is acceptable:

• Make the first meaning explicit. For example:

In the womb he took his brother by the heel (English Standard Version)

• Make the second meaning explicit. For example:

In the womb he tried to supplant his brother (New Revised Standard Version)
-or-
In the womb he attacked his brother (NET Bible)

The meaning lines in the Display will each give one of these options.

12:3b

and in his vigor he wrestled with God: In 3b and 4a, Hosea refers to Genesis 32:28. That verse says that Jacob has struggled with God and with men and has overcome.

and in his vigor: The Hebrew word that the Berean Standard Bible translates as and in his vigor means “physical power” in this context. Here this word implies both age and strength. Most versions make Jacob’s adult age explicit in some way but leave “strength” implicit. Here are some examples:

in maturity he wrestled against God (New Jerusalem Bible)
-or-
in his manhood he strove with God (Revised Standard Version)
-or-
when Jacob grew up, he fought against God (Good News Translation)

In some languages, it may be necessary to make the meaning “strength” explicit. For example:

When he became a man, he used his strength to strive with God

he wrestled with God: The Hebrew word for he wrestled means “to strive, contend.” The same word is repeated in 12:4 as “struggled,” where it refers to the same event. See also Genesis 32:28. See the previous comment for examples of other ways to translate this clause.

God: In this clause the Hebrew word for God is elohim and not Yahweh. Some versions translate elohim as God instead of “LORD.” Use your general term for God here.

SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 14:5

14:5a

I will be like the dew to Israel: This clause is a simile in which the LORD compares himself to dew. The word dew refers to the drops of water that appear on plants in the evening and/or morning.

Here are two ways that the LORD is similar to dew:

(a) He gives refreshment.

(b) He provides what is needed for life and health.

Some versions make explicit a way that the LORD and dew are similar. For example:

I will be to Israel like a refreshing dew from heaven. (New Living Translation (2004))

14:5b

he will blossom like the lily: This clause is a simile that compares Israel to a lily. Israel will blossom in a way similar to a lily.

The Hebrew word for lily refers to a flower. The Hebrew word for blossom means to “bud” or “sprout.” Here it probably refers to a bud opening into a flower blossom.

Here are some ways that Israel will (figuratively) blossom:

(a) The people will reproduce abundantly like a lily.

(b) Israel will be beautiful and fragrant like a lily.

Some versions make explicit that the pronoun he refers to Israel. For example:

Israel will blossom like the lily (New Living Translation (2004))

Some versions have “flowers” instead of lily. This may be a good translation option to follow in languages that do not have a word for lily. For example:

They will blossom like flowers (Good News Translation)

14:5c

and take root like the cedars of Lebanon: In Hebrew, this clause is more literally “and it will strike its roots like (the) Lebanon.” There is a textual issue with the name Lebanon in this clause:

(1) The Masoretic Text has Lebanon. For example:

and he will take root like the cedars of Lebanon (New American Standard Bible)

(2) Some scholars think that the original word was “poplar.” For example:

he shall strike root as the poplar (Revised Standard Version)

It is recommended that you follow option (1) along with most versions and scholars. Ancient versions also follow this option.

The phrase that the Berean Standard Bible translates as take root is more literally “and it will strike.” The phrase “strike its roots” means to “thrust” roots into the ground.

The clause is a simile that compares Israel’s roots to the roots of a cedar of Lebanon. This comparison implies several things:

(a) Their roots provide nourishment, so Israel will have splendor/glory.

(b) Their roots are hardy, so Israel will become great and last a long time.

Here are some other ways to translate this line:

They will be firmly rooted like the trees of Lebanon. (Good News Translation)
-or-
it will send roots deep into the soil like the cedars in Lebanon. (New Living Translation (2004))

cedars of Lebanon: The Hebrew word that the Berean Standard Bible translates as cedars of Lebanon is more literally “like the Lebanon.” There are at least two acceptable ways to translate this expression. They are listed here in order of more specific to less specific:

• Make explicit that this expression probably refers to “cedar” trees that were famous in Lebanon at that time. For example:

He will send down his roots like a cedar of Lebanon. (NET Bible)

• Make explicit that this expression may refer to the trees or forests of Lebanon. For example:

he shall strike root like the forests of Lebanon. (New Revised Standard Version)
-or-
he shall take root like the trees of Lebanon (English Standard Version)

SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 2:1

2:1

This verse refers back to the LORD’s messages of judgment in 1:6 and 1:9. In those verses, the LORD told Hosea to name his children “Not Loved” and “Not My People” (see notes on 1:9b). In this verse, he uses the same words as in 1:6 and 1:9 to promise a renewal of his covenant with them.

Notice the parallel parts that are similar in meaning:

Say of your brothers, ‘My people,’

and of your sisters, ‘My loved one.’

These two parallel statements are a poetic way to emphasize that the LORD is restoring his covenant relationship with all the people.

brothers…sisters: Both of these terms refer to the same people, that is, Israelites. They do not refer to literal brothers and sisters. In languages that do not use gender-specific terms for brothers and sisters, you may need to use phrases such as “male siblings” and “female siblings.”

‘My people’…‘My loved one’: In Hebrew, the name of Hosea’s daughter was Lo-ruhamah “Not Loved” and the name of his son was Lo-ammi “Not My People.” (See 1:6 and 1:9) The word lo in Hebrew means “not.” In this verse, the Hebrew words are literally ruhamah and ammi. These are the exact same words as in 1:6 and 1:9, except that they are not preceded by the word “not.” If it is possible in your language, you should translate these expressions in a way that makes this connection to 1:6 and 1:9 clear.

To do that, use the same method to express My people and My loved one in your translation as you used to express the meaning of Lo-Ruhamah in 1:6b and Lo-ammi in 1:9a. For example, if you used the Hebrew name, lo-ruhamah in your translation of 1:6 and gave the meaning in a footnote, then use the Hebrew word ruhamah here and give the meaning loved in a footnote. Or, if you translated the name Lo-ruhamah as “Not Loved” in your translation of 1:6, then here you should translate “Loved.”

It is also important that in your translation the pronoun referent of “my” will be understood as the LORD and not as the Israelite who is speaking to his brother or sister. In other words, My people means “the LORD’s people” and My loved one means “the LORD’s loved one.” In some languages, it may be clearer to make the pronoun referent explicit. For example:

“the LORD’s People” and “Loved-by-the-Lord.”

General Comment on 2:1

In some languages, it may be more natural to combine the parallel ideas into one line. For example:

So call your fellow Israelites “the LORD’s People” and “Loved-by-the-LORD.”

SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 4:5

4:5a

You will stumble: The word stumble is used here as a figure of speech (metaphor). There are two ways to interpret the meaning of this metaphor:

(1) stumble refers to punishment. The LORD will destroy the priests and prophets. Their punishment is compared to stumbling and falling. For example:

As a sentence for your crimes, you will stumble in broad daylight, just as you might at night, and so will your false prophets. (New Living Translation (1996))

(2) stumble refers to sin. The priests and prophets figuratively stumble by failing to teach the people correctly. For example:

Night and day you blunder on, and the prophets do no better than you. (Good News Translation)

It is recommended that you follow interpretation (1) along with most versions and commentaries.

The figurative meaning of stumble is that the priests and prophets will be punished by the LORD. Specifically, they will be destroyed.

If the metaphor of stumbling does not clearly express this meaning in your translation, here are some other ways to translate it:

• Change the metaphor to a simile and make it explicit that stumble refers to punishment. For example:

⌊ I will punish you⌋day and night. You will ⌊be like a person who ⌋ stumbles ⌊and falls ⌋.

• Omit the figure of stumbling, and translate the meaning directly. For example:

You will be ruined in the day, and your prophets will be ruined with you in the night. (New Century Version)

by day…by night: In this context, the contrasting words day and night are probably a figure of speech that means “all the time.” The time includes the night, when people might be expected to stumble, and also the day when people should be able to see.

the prophet: In Hebrew, the word prophet is singular. However, it follows the same pattern as “priest” in 4:4b. Use a natural way in your language to indicate the LORD is speaking to prophets as a group.

The context of judgment suggests that these are false prophets. Some versions make this explicit. For example:

your false prophets (New Living Translation (2004))

4:5b

so: There are two ways to interpret the Hebrew word that the Berean Standard Bible translates as so :

(1) It introduces another group of people that will be punished by the LORD. The LORD will cause the priests and prophets to stumble (punishment). In addition to that, he will destroy their mother. For example:

and I will destroy… (English Standard Version)

(2) It introduces a result. The priests and prophets will stumble (sin), so the LORD will punish their mother. For example:

So I will destroy… (New International Version, Berean Standard Bible)

It is recommended that you follow interpretation (1) along with most versions. This interpretation fits the recommended interpretation in 4:5a.

I will destroy your mother: The phrase your mother is a figure of speech that represents the entire nation of Israel. See the note on 2:2a.

Some versions make the meaning explicit. For example:

I am going to destroy Israel, your mother. (Good News Translation)

Some versions explain the meaning in a footnote. For example:

Here “mother” refers to the nation of Israel. (New Century Version footnote)

These are both good options to help your readers better understand the meaning.

SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 6:3

6:3a–b

Notice the parallel parts that are similar in meaning:

3a So let us know —

3b
let us press on to know the LORD.

In these two lines, the speaker urges the people to know the LORD. Some versions have moved the LORD to the first line, because it is more natural English.

let us…let us: These phrases express a plea. See the note on “let us return” in 6:1a.

know…to know: The Hebrew verbs that the Berean Standard Bible translates as know have more than one meaning related to knowing, experiencing, and understanding. There are two main ways to interpret the word know here:

(1) It means that the people should know the LORD in an intimate, personal way. It implies that they should understand the LORD’s character. For example:

Let us know, let us strive to know Yahweh (New Jerusalem Bible)
-or-
Let’s learn about the LORD. Let’s get to know the Lord. (God’s Word)

(2) It means that the people should acknowledge or agree that he is the LORD. For example:

So let us acknowledge him! Let us seek to acknowledge the Lord ! (NET Bible)

(NET Bible, New International Version)

It is recommended that you follow interpretation (1) along with most versions. This is the same interpretation as in 2:20b, although the context there focuses more on a marriage relationship.

Some languages have different words for knowing someone personally and knowing facts about someone. If that is true in your language, you should use the word that refers to a personal relationship.

let us press on to know the LORD: The phrase that the Berean Standard Bible translates as let us press on is literally “let us pursue” It means to fervently strive to know him. For example:

let us strive to know Yahweh (New Jerusalem Bible)

General Comment on 6:3a–b

In some languages, it may be more natural to combine and/or reorder these lines. For example:

Let’s do our best to know the Lord. (Contemporary English Version)

6:3c–e

Notice the parallel parts that are similar in meaning:

3c
As surely as the sun rises, He will appear;

3d
He will come to us like the rain,

3e
like the spring showers that water the earth.

These three lines are similes. In each simile, the coming of the LORD is compared to natural events. His coming is as certain as the sunrise. It is also as welcome and beneficial as the rain that people in Israel depended on for their crops.

6:3c-d

He will appear; He will come: These clauses imply that the LORD will come to help and bless his people. No difference in meaning is intended between the parallel words appear and come.

6:3c

As surely as the sun rises, He will appear: Here are some other ways to translate these clauses:

his coming is as sure as the dawn (New Revised Standard Version)
-or-
His coming is as certain as the morning sun (Contemporary English Version)
-or-
He will come to us as sure as the morning comes. (God’s Word)

6:3d–e

like the rain, like the spring showers that water the earth: The terms that the Berean Standard Bible translates as rain and spring showers are each one word in Hebrew. The first word is literally rain. It usually refers to rain in general, whereas spring showers refers specifically to rain that falls at a particular time of year. There are two ways to interpret the first word:

(1) It refers to rain or showers in general. It does not indicate the time of year when it rains. For example:

he will come to us like rain (New Century Version)

(2) It refers specifically to autumn or winter rains. For example:

He will come to us like the autumn rains (God’s Word)

The Berean Standard Bible follows interpretation (1), but you may follow either interpretation. There are several reasons why either interpretation is valid:

(a) In Hebrew parallelism, a general statement commonly precedes a specific one.

(b) The general term rain probably includes both the earlier and later times of rain. In Israel, rain commonly fell at planting time in October-November and also when the crops were ripening in March or April.

In different areas of the world, periods of rainfall are referred to in different ways. People may also expect rain at different times of the year. If that is true in your language area, you may use more general terms. For example:

He will come to us like the rain/showers that the crops need.

General Comment on 6:3c–e

In some languages, it may be more natural to combine some of the verse parts. For example the Good News Translation combines 6:3d and 6:3e:

3c He will come to us as surely as the day dawns, 3d–e as surely as the spring rains fall upon the earth. (Good News Translation)

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Source: SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 2021

SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 5:7

SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 7:13

SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 9:15

SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 12:3

SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 14:5

SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 2:1

SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 4:5

SIL Translator’s Notes on Hosea 6:3

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