SIL Translator’s Notes on Galatians 2016 – Page 2

SIL Translator’s Notes on Galatians 6:8

6:8a

In this verse, Paul explained the meaning of the proverb that he quoted in 6:7b, “Whatever a man sows, he will reap in return.” Paul introduced this explanation with a Greek conjunction that most English versions translate as “for.” Some other ways to introduce this explanation are:

because (NET Bible)
-or-
This means that

The Berean Standard Bible has not translated this conjunction, and some other versions, such as the New International Version and New Living Translation (2004), also do not translate it. In some languages, it will not be necessary to translate this conjunction either. Connect 6:8a to 6:7b in a way that is natural in your language.

The one who sows to please his flesh: This clause is the negative side of a metaphor. In this metaphor, Paul compared a person doing things that please his evil desires to a person sowing seeds in corrupted/contaminated soil. The person’s own flesh (or sinful human nature) is the corrupted soil.

Some ways to translate this clause are:

• Keep the entire metaphor of sowing in corrupted soil. For example:

If you plant in the field of your natural desires (Good News Translation)
-or-
If you plant in ?the soil of? your corrupt nature (God’s Word)

• Keep only the part of the metaphor about sowing. For example:

The one who sows to please his sinful nature (New International Version)
-or-
If they plant to satisfy their sinful selves (New Century Version)

• Change the metaphor to a simile. For example:

The person who does what pleases his sinful self ?is like a person who? sows ?seeds? in contaminated soil.

• Translate the meaning without using a figure of speech. For example:

Those who live only to satisfy their own sinful nature (New Living Translation (2004))
-or-
If you follow your selfish desires (Contemporary English Version)

6:8b

from the flesh will reap destruction: This clause continues the metaphor. In this part of the metaphor, the person reaps/harvests a crop from the soil/field of his flesh. What he reaps is corruption. The word destruction refers to eternal destruction. It is the opposite of eternal life. So the results of living to please one’s sinful desires are death and destruction.

Some ways to translate this clause are:

• Keep the metaphor of reaping. For example:

from it you will gather the harvest of death (Good News Translation)
-or-
you will harvest destruction (God’s Word)

• Translate the meaning without using a figure of speech. For example:

his reward will be to die and be punished forever

See flesh, Meaning 5 in the Glossary.

6:8c

but the one who sows to please the Spirit: This clause is the positive side of the metaphor. In this part, Paul compared a person who does things that please the Holy Spirit to a person who sows in good soil. The Holy Spirit is the good soil.

Some ways to translate this clause are:

• Keep the metaphor of sowing in good soil. For example:

if you plant in the field of the Spirit (Good News Translation)

• Keep the part of the metaphor about sowing. For example:

the one who sows to please the Spirit (Berean Standard Bible, New International Version)
-or-
if they plant to please the Spirit (New Century Version)

• Change the metaphor to a simile. For example:

The person who does what pleases the Spirit ?is like a person who? sows ?seeds? in good soil.

• Translate the meaning without using a figure of speech. For example:

those who live to please the Spirit (New Living Translation (2004))

6:8d

from the Spirit will reap eternal life: This clause is the last part of the metaphor. In this part, the person reaps/harvests a crop from the field of the Holy Spirit. What he reaps is eternal life. So the result of living to please the Holy Spirit is life everlasting.

Some ways to translate this sentence are:

• Keep the metaphor of reaping. For example:

from the Spirit you will gather the harvest of eternal life (Good News Translation)
-or-
you will harvest everlasting life (God’s Word)

• Translate the meaning without using a figure of speech. For example:

they will receive eternal life from the Spirit (New Century Version)
-or-
he will get/have eternal life

See Spirit in the Glossary.

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Made available under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License (CC BY-SA) creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0.
All Scripture quotations in this publication, unless otherwise indicated, are from The Holy Bible, Berean Standard Bible.
BSB is produced in cooperation with Bible Hub, Discovery Bible, OpenBible.com, and the Berean Bible Translation Committee.

SIL Translator’s Notes on Galatians 1:22

1:22

Paul had spent only two weeks in Jerusalem. So the believers in the district of Judea did not know him. (Jerusalem is in the district of Judea.) However, they did hear about his ministry. Paul told the Galatians about the reaction of the Judean believers when they heard about his preaching in Syria and Cilicia.

Some ways to begin this verse are:

At that time (Good News Translation)
-or-
During that time
-or-
So

I was personally unknown, however, to the churches of Judea that are in Christ: The Greek phrase that the Berean Standard Bible translates as personally unknown is literally “being unknown by the face.” Paul meant that the believers in Judea had not yet met him. They had not yet seen his face.

Some other ways to translate this clause are:

In Judea the churches in Christ had never met me. (New Century Version)
-or-
And still the Christians in the churches in Judea didn’t know me personally. (New Living Translation (2004))

In this clause, Paul continued to focus on the fact that he did not receive the gospel from people. He wanted to emphasize that he was not under the authority of the leaders in Jerusalem. (The city of Jerusalem is in the district of Judea.)

the churches…that are in Christ: This phrase refers to the groups of people who believe in Christ.

Some other ways to translate this phrase are:

group of people who believe in Christ
-or-
believers in Christ
-or-
Christians

The word churches does not refer to church buildings.

The word church first occurs in 1:2b. See also church in the Glossary for more information.

SIL Translator’s Notes on Galatians 3:9

3:9a

So: The Greek conjunction that the Berean Standard Bible translates as So introduces the logical result of Paul’s argument in 3:6–8.

Some other ways to translate this conjunction are:

So then (English Standard Version)
-or-
This means that (Contemporary English Version)
-or-
Therefore

those who have faith: The phrase have faith describes people who “believe” or “trust” in Christ for their salvation.

Some other ways to translate this phrase are:

all who put their faith in Christ (New Living Translation (2004))
-or-
people who believe (God’s Word)
-or-
those who trust ?in Christ? ?to be saved?

See faith, Meaning 1 in the Glossary for more information.

are blessed: The Greek verb that the Berean Standard Bible translates as are blessed is the basic form of the word “will be blessed” in 3:8d. As there, this word means “are given something good” or “something good is done to them.” When a person believes, God makes him right/straight with him. God makes him righteous. He justifies him. It is in this sense that God blesses him.

This verb is passive. Some ways to translate it are:

• As a passive verb. For example:

are given something good

• As an active verb. For example:

?God? blesses
-or-

?God? does/gives something good to him/them

See bless, Meaning 1 in the Glossary for more information.

3:9b

along with Abraham: This phrase means “together with Abraham.” People who believe share a blessing with Abraham. This phrase means more than that they are blessed as Abraham was blessed.

Some other ways to translate this phrase are:

together with Abraham (God’s Word)
-or-
share in the blessings that were given to Abraham (Contemporary English Version)
-or-
share the same blessing Abraham received (New Living Translation (2004))

the man of faith: The phrase of faith means that Abraham “had faith” or “believed.” He believed in God.

Some other ways to translate this phrase are:

who had faith (Revised Standard Version)
-or-
who believed ?in God?
-or-
who was a believer

See also faith, Meaning 1 in the Glossary for more information.

SIL Translator’s Notes on Galatians 4:12

Paragraph 4:12–20

4:12a

I beg you: The Greek word that the Berean Standard Bible translates as beg means “entreat” or “plead.” Paul used this word to strongly request the Galatians to do what he wanted them to do.

Some other ways to translate this clause are:

I urge you (New King James Version)
-or-
I plead with you (New International Version)
-or-
I urgently ask you
-or-
Please

brothers: The word brothers refers to fellow believers. It includes both men and women. It shows Paul’s love and respect for the Galatian believers. He used this word to get their attention.

Some other ways to translate this word are:

My ?dear? fellow believers
-or-
Friends (New Revised Standard Version)

become like me: This clause states what Paul wanted the Galatians to do. He wanted them to be like him. Paul was no longer a slave to the law. Instead, he had freedom in Christ. He wanted them to be free, as he was.

Some other ways to translate this clause are:

be as I am
-or-
follow my example
-or-
live as I do in freedom from these things (New Living Translation (2004))
-or-
do as I do ?and live free from the law?

4:12b

for: The Greek conjunction that the Berean Standard Bible translates as for introduces the basis for the command “become as I am.” Some other ways to translate this conjunction are:

because (NET Bible)
-or-

?I say this? for this reason

In some languages, it will be more natural to state the basis of the command before the command. For example:

I became like you, so I beg you to become like me. (New Century Version)

I became like you: Paul became like the Galatians in the sense that he became free from slavery to the law of Moses. This happened when he met Christ and was converted.

Some other ways to translate this clause are:

I have become like you Gentiles (New Living Translation (2004))
-or-
I became like you were (God’s Word)
-or-
I have become like you Gentiles were—free from the law (New Living Translation (1996))

4:12c

You have done me no wrong: This clause means that the Galatians had not done anything bad to Paul in the past. They had not harmed him or caused him trouble. It refers to the time when he first preached the gospel to the Galatians. They showed much love for him.

Some other ways to translate this clause are:

You did not cause me to suffer
-or-
You did not mistreat me when I first preached to you. (New Living Translation (2004))
-or-
You were very good to me before. (New Century Version)

SIL Translator’s Notes on Galatians 5:13

Section 5:13–26

Let the Spirit of God lead you

In this section, Paul talked about what freedom means. He no longer focused on how a person is made righteous. He focused on how a person who has received the righteousness of Christ should live.

Paul told the Galatians that choosing to live their lives in the power of the Holy Spirit would keep them from living sinful lives. It would keep them from living as slaves to the law. A life lived in the Spirit is a life of love for each other.

Some other possible headings for this section are:

Follow closely the Spirit of God
-or-
Obey God’s Spirit, not your sinful desires

Paragraph 5:13–15

In this paragraph, Paul stated that the freedom that the Galatians had in Christ did not mean that they could do whatever they wished. Their freedom did not permit them to live sinful lives. Instead, they should lovingly serve each other.

5:13a

For: Paragraph 5:13–15 is an explanation of the previous section. It connects back to the statement in 5:1 that “it is for freedom that Christ has set us free.” The Greek introduces this explanation and connection with a conjunction that the Berean Standard Bible translates as For.

Some English versions do not translate this conjunction. In some languages, it will not be necessary to use a conjunction here either.

brothers: As in 5:11a, the word brothers refers to “spiritual brothers.” They were Paul’s “fellow believers.” The word includes both men and women. It does not refer to Paul’s biological brothers.

Some other ways to translate this word are:

brothers and sisters (NET Bible)
-or-
fellow believers
-or-
my friends (Good News Translation)

were called to freedom: The verb called means that God “strongly invited,” “summoned,” or “chose” the Galatians to be free from religious laws. God chose/invited the Galatians to be his people, and he wants them to live in freedom. In some languages, it may be necessary to make some of this information explicit. For example:

were called ?to be God’s people, and he wants you? to be free

In some languages, the word called is only used when someone calls another person to come to a physical location. It cannot be used when someone asks another person to do something or be something. If your language is like that, you may have to use another verb, as in the examples below.

The verb were called is a passive verb. Some ways to translate this clause are:

• Use a passive verb. For example:

You were indeed called to be free (God’s Word)
-or-
you were chosen to be free (Contemporary English Version)
-or-
You were told to be free

• Use an active verb. For example:

God called you to be free (New Century Version)
-or-
God told you that he wants you to be free ?from religious laws? .
-or-
God’s plan is that you be free.
-or-
God called you ?to be his people, and he wants you? to be free ?from religious laws?

The verb called also occurs in 1:6b.

5:13b

but do not use your freedom as an opportunity for the flesh: The Greek phrase that the Berean Standard Bible translates as opportunity for the flesh means “occasion/time to do whatever your body desires.” Freedom from the law does not give a person an excuse to live a sinful, wicked life.

Some other ways to translate this clause are:

don’t use your freedom to satisfy your sinful nature (New Living Translation (2004))
-or-
don’t use your freedom as an excuse to do anything you want (Contemporary English Version)
-or-
now that you are free, do not think that you can do whatever you desire

flesh: The word flesh refers to human nature. That human nature is full of sin.

Some other ways to translate this word are:

sinful nature
-or-
your sinful self
-or-
what your body desires

See flesh, Meaning 5 in the Glossary.

5:13c

Rather: There is a contrast between 5:13b and 5:13c. The contrast is between the command to not use your freedom “as an opportunity for the flesh” and the command to serve one another in love. Languages have different ways to indicate this negative-positive type of contrast. Some of the ways are:

• With the conjunction “but.”

• With a conjunction other than “but.” This is a common way in English to show this type of contrast. For example:

Rather (Berean Standard Bible, New International Version)
-or-
On the contrary
-or-
Instead (Good News Translation)

• With no conjunction. For example:

b do not use your freedom as an excuse to do what pleases your sinful self. c Serve each other with love. (New Century Version)

serve one another in love: This clause states how the Galatians should use their freedom. They are to serve each other. This means that they are to help one another. And they are to help one another in love. This means “lovingly” or “in a loving manner” or “because you love one another.”

Some other ways to translate this clause are:

serve each other with love (Contemporary English Version)
-or-
love and help each other
-or-
help one another because you love one another

SIL Translator’s Notes on Galatians 1:1

Section 1:1–5

Paul greeted the Christians in Galatia

This section is the introduction to Paul’s letter to the Galatians. In this introduction, Paul followed the customs of that time for writing a letter. The custom was to put the writer’s name first and then write the names of the people to whom the letter was sent. After that the writer greeted them with a wish for their well-being. So, Paul began this letter with his own name in 1:1. Then in 1:2 he mentioned the people to whom he was sending the letter. In 1:3 he greeted these people with a wish for their well-being. Among Christians, this wish was often a prayer for God’s blessing.

In this section, Paul briefly introduced two main themes of his letter.

(a) It was God and Jesus who had made Paul an apostle. It was not other people who had called him to become an apostle. That gave him very high authority. This authority is one of the themes of his letter, and he discussed it more fully in chapter 2.

(b) In 1:4, Paul reminded the Galatians that we Christians are saved because Jesus died for our sins. The main theme of the whole letter to the Galatians is that we are saved by the grace of God and by believing in Jesus.

Some other possible headings for this section are:

Greeting
-or-
Greetings from Paul

Paragraph 1:1–2

1:1a

Paul: Paul began this letter with his name. He did not use a verb. But you may need to add a verb to help your readers understand that Paul was the person who wrote the letter. For example:

This letter is from Paul (New Living Translation (2004))
-or-

?I,? Paul, ?am writing this letter? ?to you? .

an apostle: The word apostle refers to a person whom someone sends with his authority. He sends him to give a message or to accomplish a particular task. Here, the word apostle refers to a man whom Jesus chose and gave authority. After Jesus returned to heaven, his apostles were the leaders of the people who believed in him.

If you have already translated the Gospels, you can probably use the same term for apostle as you used there.

Some ways to translate apostle are:

a ?special? messenger
-or-
a representative
-or-
a person with authority ?from Jesus?
-or-
a chief leader ?of Jesus’s work?

See also apostle in the Glossary for more information.

1:1b

sent: In Greek, there is no verb in 1:1b. Many languages may need to supply a verb here as the Berean Standard Bible does. Here are some other examples of English versions that supply a verb here:

not sent from men (New American Standard Bible)
-or-
I was not chosen to be an apostle by human beings (New Century Version)
-or-
I was not appointed by any group (New Living Translation (2004))
-or-
whose call to be an apostle did not come from human beings (Good News Translation)

not from men nor by man: There are at least two ways to interpret these two phrases:

(1) The focus is on the difference in meaning indicated by the two prepositions from and by. According to this interpretation, the phrase not from men means that no human being chose/commissioned Paul to be an apostle. The phrase nor by man means that there was no intermediary between God/Jesus and Paul when he chose/commissioned Paul to be an apostle. On the road to Damascus, Jesus spoke directly to Paul without going through any human being. For example:

It was not men who made me an apostle. It was not an intermediary who made me an apostle.

(2) The focus is on the plural and singular nouns men and man. According to this interpretation, the first phrase means that no group of men (such as the church in Antioch or Jerusalem) chose/commissioned Paul to be an apostle. The second phrase means that no individual man (such as Ananias, Peter, Barnabas, or James) chose/commissioned him to be an apostle. For example:

?chosen? not by any group or individual (God’s Word)

It is recommended that you follow interpretation (1). This is the interpretation that most English commentaries follow.

Some other ways to translate these phrases are:

?My call to be an apostle did? not ?come? from men. ?It did not come? through an intermediary
-or-
Men did not ?commission me to be an apostle? . ?Jesus? did not use an intermediary ?to chose/appoint me? .

1:1c

but: There is a contrast here. The contrast is between those (in 1:1b) who did not send Paul and God, who did send him. Languages have different ways to indicate this negative-positive type of contrast. Some of the ways are:

• With the conjunction “but.”

• With a conjunction other than “but.” This is a common way in English to show this type of contrast. For example:

rather
-or-
on the contrary
-or-
instead

• With no conjunction. For example:

b I was not chosen to be an apostle by human beings, nor was I sent from human beings. c I was made an apostle through Jesus Christ… (New Century Version)

by Jesus Christ and God the Father: This phrase means that Paul was chosen and sent through/by Jesus Christ and God the Father. His authority as an apostle came directly from God.

Some other ways to translate this phrase are:

by Jesus Christ himself and by God the Father (New Living Translation (2004))
-or-
I was chosen to be an apostle by Jesus Christ and by God the Father (Contemporary English Version)
-or-
Jesus Christ and God the Father ?chose me? ?to be an apostle?

Jesus Christ: In the phrase Jesus Christ, Jesus is a personal name, and Christ is his title. Christ is not the surname of Jesus.

One way to show this is:

Jesus the Christ/Messiah

In some languages, people say the title before the name. For example:

Christ Jesus

Christ: The title Christ is the Greek translation of the Hebrew word “Messiah.” The Jews used this title to refer to the person whom God had appointed and promised to send as king and savior.

Some ways to translate Christ are:

• Use a title or a descriptive phrase in your language that has the same meaning as Christ. For example:

the Messiah
-or-
the Promised Deliverer
-or-
the Rescuer/Ruler whom God appointed

• Transliterate Christ and include a phrase that explains the meaning. For example:

Christ, the appointed one
-or-
Cristo, the Savior whom God promised to send
-or-
Christ, he comes from God

• Transliterate Christ and indicate in some way that it is a title. For example:

the Christ
-or-
Kirisita

If you do not indicate the meaning of Christ in the text, you may want to include a footnote to explain it. Or you may want to explain the meaning in a glossary. For example:

The word/title “Christ” refers to the one whom God had promised to send. He would be both king/ruler and savior.

God the Father: In some languages, it may be more natural to translate God the Father as:

Father God
-or-
God our Father

1:1d

who raised Him from the dead: This is a relative clause. In some languages, a literal translation of this relative clause may imply a wrong meaning. It may imply that there is one God who raised Jesus from the dead, and another God who did not raise Jesus. If this is true in your language, you should translate this clause as a separate sentence. For example

He raised Him from the dead
-or-
He made Jesus to live again

General Comment on 1:1b–d

In some languages, it may be more natural to change the order of some of the clauses in 1:1b–d. For example:

1c I was chosen to be an apostle by Jesus Christ and by God the Father, 1d who raised him from death. 1b No mere human chose or appointed me to this work. (Contemporary English Version)

SIL Translator’s Notes on Galatians 2:9

2:9a

recognizing: The Greek word that the Berean Standard Bible translates as recognizing also means “knowing.” It indicates what the leaders knew and understood.

Some other ways to translate this word are:

perceived (English Standard Version)
-or-
realized (Contemporary English Version)
-or-
understood (New Century Version)
-or-
saw (Phillips’ New Testament in Modern English)

the grace that I had been given: Here the word grace means the “kindness,” “generosity” or “favor” that God gave/showed to Paul. God was kind to Paul in the sense that he had given him a special ministry. God gave him the gifts and power to be an apostle and spread the gospel.

In Greek this phrase is more literally “the grace having been given to me.” This is a passive clause. Some ways to translate this clause are:

• Use a passive clause. For example:

the favor that had been shown to me
-or-
the kindness that had been given to me ?by God? ?to be an apostle?

• Use an active clause. For example:

God had given me this special task (Good News Translation)
-or-
God was good to me ?and gave me the work of spreading the gospel?

See also grace, Meaning 3 in the Glossary.

2:9b

James, Cephas, and John: These three men were the leaders in the church at Jerusalem. James was the younger brother of Jesus. (Paul had already mentioned him in 1:19.)

Cephas is Peter’s Jewish name. Both names (Peter and Cephas) mean “rock” and refer to the same man. In your translation, you should use the more familiar name, Peter. For example:

James, Peter, and John (Contemporary English Version)

Peter and John were close disciples of Jesus while he was on earth.

those reputed to be pillars: This clause is a metaphor. It compares the leaders of the church to pillars.

A “pillar” is a huge stone post or wood column that supports the roof of a building. Paul compared the church leaders to pillars. They are similar in that both have a very important role in their respective structures. Pillars are a very important part of the building. The three men had much responsibility in the church.

Some possible ways to translate this metaphor are:

• Change the metaphor to a simile. For example:

those men who were recognized as important/strong like pillars

• Use another idiomatic expression for leaders. For example:

these men are…the backbone of the church (Contemporary English Version)

• Translate the meaning. For example:

the most important people (God’s Word)

those reputed: This is the fourth time that Paul used the Greek word that the Berean Standard Bible here translates as reputed to refer to the church leaders. See what word(s) you used in 2:2b and 2:6a. As mentioned there, this term refers to the men who were “recognized” as important leaders of the church.

Some other ways to translate this are:

who had a reputation (NET Bible)
-or-
those esteemed (New International Version (2011))
-or-
who were known (New Living Translation (1996))

2:9c

gave me and Barnabas the right hand of fellowship: This clause means that James, Peter, and John shook the hands of Paul and Barnabas. Shaking hands was a cultural action that showed that these three men agreed that they were partners together with Paul in ministry. It showed that the leaders agreed with Paul and Barnabas, accepted them, and supported them.

Some other ways to translate this clause are:

they shook hands with Barnabas and me, agreeing to be our partners (God’s Word)
-or-
they shook hands with Barnabas and me to show that we were companions in God’s work

In some cultures, shaking hands may not show that people agree with one another. If that is the case in your language, you may need to translate the meaning directly. For example:

they told/showed Barnabas and me that they agreed with us and were partners with us

If you do this, you should include a footnote saying that they actually shook hands to show their partnership.

2:9d

so that we should go to the Gentiles, and they to the circumcised: This clause shows what the agreement was between the leaders and Paul and Barnabas. They would be partners in the work of spreading the gospel, but they would work among different groups of people.

In some languages, it will be good to make clear that this clause gives the content of the agreement. Some ways to do that are:

We agreed that Barnabas and I would work among the Gentiles and they among the Jews. (Good News Translation)
-or-

They encouraged us to keep preaching to the Gentiles, while they continued their work with the Jews. (New Living Translation (2004))

we…they: The pronoun we refers to Paul and Barnabas. The pronoun they refers to Peter, James, and John.

SIL Translator’s Notes on Galatians 3:20

3:20

In this verse Paul contrasted the work of a mediator (which involves two parties) and the oneness of God. Paul used this contrast to say that the law is inferior to the promise. God did not give the law directly to his people. He gave it through Moses, the mediator. But with the promise, God alone made a promise. And made it directly with Abraham. This shows that the promise is more important than the law.

3:20a

A mediator is unnecessary, however, for only one party: In 3:20, Paul interrupted his discussion about the law to make a comment on the word “mediator.” He provided background information about the role of a mediator. Paul introduced this background information with a Greek conjunction that most English versions translate as “now.” In this context, “now” is not a time word. The Berean Standard Bible translates this conjunction as however, as does the New International Version.

Some other versions, such as the Contemporary English Version and God’s Word, do not translate this conjunction. In some languages, it will not be necessary to translate it either. Connect 3:20a to 3:19e in a way that is natural in your language.

A mediator is unnecessary…for only one party: In Greek, this clause is more literally “the intermediary is not of one.” This means that when a mediator is involved, there is more than one side/party in the agreement or discussion.

This implies that when God gave the law, he gave it through a mediator (Moses) to his people. He did not give it directly.

Some other ways to translate this clause are:

A mediator does not work with just one person.
-or-
Now a mediator is helpful if more than one party must reach an agreement. (New Living Translation (2004))
-or-
God gave the law to his people through Moses, a middleman

3:20b

but God is one: In this clause Paul contrasted God’s oneness with the more than one person with whom a mediator works. Paul used the truth stated in Deut. 6:4 to make this contrast.

This clause implies that with the promise, God alone made it. He did not use an intermediary. He made it directly with Abraham.

Some other ways to translate this clause are:

But God, who is one, did not use a mediator when he gave his promise to Abraham. (New Living Translation (2004))
-or-
but God alone made the promise
-or-
but with the promise, God alone made it directly with Abraham

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Source: SIL Translator’s Notes on Galatians 2016

SIL Translator’s Notes on Galatians 6:8

SIL Translator’s Notes on Galatians 1:22

SIL Translator’s Notes on Galatians 3:9

SIL Translator’s Notes on Galatians 4:12

SIL Translator’s Notes on Galatians 5:13

SIL Translator’s Notes on Galatians 1:1

SIL Translator’s Notes on Galatians 2:9

SIL Translator’s Notes on Galatians 3:20

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