SIL Translator’s Notes on 1 Peter 2018 – Page 11

SIL Translator’s Notes on 1 Peter 2:5

2:5a

you also, like living stones, are being built into a spiritual house: There are several ways of understanding this verse part:

(1) This is a statement about something that was happening as the believers came to Jesus Christ. The believers were being built into a spiritual house. For example:

you yourselves as living stones are built up as a spiritual house (NET Bible)

(Berean Standard Bible, Contemporary English Version, King James Version, New American Standard Bible, New International Version, New Living Translation (2004), God’s Word, NET Bible)

(2) This is a command to the believers to be built into a spiritual house. For example:

like living stones, let yourselves be built into a spiritual house (New Revised Standard Version)

(New Century Version, Revised English Bible, New Revised Standard Version, Good News Translation)

(3) This is a purpose clause. Peter wanted his readers to come to Christ so that they might be built into a spiritual house. For example:

so that you…may be built into a spiritual house (New Jerusalem Bible)

(New Jerusalem Bible)

It is recommended that you follow interpretation (1), which has the support of most English versions and commentators.

you…are being built: This is a passive clause. The one who is doing the building is God. In some languages it may be necessary to translate this using an active verb and make the subject explicit:

⌊God⌋ is building you

you: The Greek word that the Berean Standard Bible translates as you is emphasized and may also be translated as:

you yourselves (NET Bible)

like living stones: The Greek word that the Berean Standard Bible translates as like introduces the role that the believers fill as God is building them into a spiritual temple, the role of living stones. Some other ways to translate this metaphor include:

• Keep the metaphor. For example:

you are living stones (Contemporary English Version)

• Translate the metaphor as a simile. For example:

You also are like living stones (New Century Version)

living stones: Peter said these Christians were living because God had caused them to be born again through his word (1:23) and given them new life through Jesus Christ rising from death (1:3).

stones: Peter described the believers as stones because in that part of the world, people built houses out of stones. Christians were like stones in the sense that God was using them to build a house for himself.

spiritual: In this context the Greek word that the Berean Standard Bible translates as spiritual means “non-material” or “not physical.” It refers to something that cannot be seen by human eyes, something that is in the realm of the divine rather than the human.

house: There are two ways of interpreting the Greek word that the Berean Standard Bible translates as house here:

(1) It means house, a building where people live. For example:

And now you are living stones that are being used to build a spiritual house. (Contemporary English Version)

(Berean Standard Bible, Contemporary English Version, God’s Word, King James Version, New American Standard Bible, NET Bible, New International Version, New Jerusalem Bible, Revised Standard Version)

(2) It means temple, a building where people worship God. For example:

And you are living stones that God is building into his spiritual temple. (New Living Translation (2004))

(New Century Version, New Living Translation (2004), Revised English Bible, Good News Translation)

It is recommended that you follow interpretation (1). In this context, house is a metaphor. It illustrates the spiritual truth that God dwells among his people. People who believe in Jesus Christ together form God’s house, the church, and God lives in their midst.

If the metaphor of a house is not understandable to your readers, then you may need to translate it as a simile:

You are like a…house

General Comment on 2:5a

In some languages it may be necessary to make some of the meaning of this metaphor explicit, For example:

⌊Just as a builder makes houses out of stones,⌋ so ⌊God⌋ is building a spiritual house out of you living stones.

2:5b

to be a holy priesthood: Here Peter used another metaphor to describe the Christian church.

to be: The Greek preposition that the Berean Standard Bible translates as to be is literally “unto.” In this context it communicates that:

(a) The spiritual house in 2:5a is what forms the holy priesthood. These are two metaphors describing the Christian church, made up of all believers.

(b) The spiritual house in 2:5a is for the purpose of the holy priesthood offering spiritual sacrifices to God (2:5c).

Some other ways this has been translated include:

and form a holy priesthood (Revised English Bible)
-or-
as a holy priesthood (New Jerusalem Bible)
-or-
for a holy priesthood
-or-
You are also a group of holy priests (Contemporary English Version)

holy priesthood: The Greek word that the Berean Standard Bible translates as priesthood occurs only twice in the New Testament, both in this chapter (2:5, 2:9). It refers to God’s people as a whole. God made the believers as a group into an order of holy priests. Priests are people who approach God to worship him and offer sacrifices.

In your translation, try to make it clear that Peter was referring to the believers as a group, not as individuals. For example:

a group of holy priests (Contemporary English Version)

holy: In this context, the Greek word that the Berean Standard Bible translates as holy refers to someone who is set apart to serve God. God has set the members of this priesthood apart to serve him. He has dedicated them to himself. Some other examples for translating are:

dedicated to God
-or-
fully serving God

2:5c

offering spiritual sacrifices: The priesthood of believers that Peter wrote about is similar to the Hebrew Old Testament priesthood in that both presented offerings to God.

spiritual: As in 2:5a, the Greek word that the Berean Standard Bible translates as spiritual means “non-material.” Peter’s readers were not offering animals as sacrifices. They were offering sacrifices that could not be seen.

sacrifices: In this context, the word sacrifices is a metaphor. Peter was not really talking about animal sacrifices such as the Hebrew priests offered to God during the Old Testament period. Instead, he was referring to giving praises to God and help to those in need. See also Romans 12:1 and Hebrews 13:15–16.

General Comment on 2:5b–c

2:5b–c gives the purpose for which God builds the believers into a spiritual house. English translations mark this purpose in three different places:

• Before the mention of the holy priesthood. For example, the Berean Standard Bible says:

to be a holy priesthood, offering spiritual sacrifices (Berean Standard Bible)

• Before the mention of the spiritual sacrifices. For example, the New Jerusalem Bible says:

as a holy priesthood to offer the spiritual sacrifices (New Jerusalem Bible)

• At both places. For example, the Revised Standard Version says:

to be a holy priesthood, to offer spiritual sacrifices (Revised Standard Version)

In your translation, mark the purpose at the place where it is most natural in your language.

2:5d

acceptable to God: The phrase acceptable to God means that God was pleased with the spiritual sacrifices that the believers offered to him. Other ways to say this include:

God accepts your sacrifices
-or-
These sacrifices please God

through Jesus Christ: There are two ways of understanding the relationship of the phrase through Jesus Christ to the rest of 2:5c:

(1) Through Jesus Christ, the spiritual offerings were acceptable to God. God was pleased to receive these offerings because of what Jesus Christ had done. For example:

to offer the spiritual sacrifices made acceptable to God through Jesus Christ (New Jerusalem Bible)

(Berean Standard Bible, New International Version, King James Version, New American Standard Bible, Revised Standard Version, Revised English Bible, NET Bible, God’s Word, New Living Translation (2004), New Century Version, New Jerusalem Bible)

(2) The believers offered spiritual sacrifices through Jesus Christ. For example:

with the help of Jesus Christ you will offer sacrifices that please God (Contemporary English Version)

(Good News Translation, Contemporary English Version)

It is recommended that you follow interpretation (1) and the majority of English versions.

General Comment on 2:4–5

In the Berean Standard Bible, as in the Greek, 2:4–5 forms one long sentence. In many languages it may be natural to use several shorter sentences. For example:

You are coming to Jesus Christ, the living stone. He is the one whom people rejected but God considers valuable and chose. You are also living stones, and God is building you into a spiritual house. As a holy priesthood you offer spiritual sacrifices acceptable to God through Jesus Christ.

© 2018 by SIL International®
Made available under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License (CC BY-SA) creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0.
All Scripture quotations in this publication, unless otherwise indicated, are from The Holy Bible, Berean Standard Bible.
BSB is produced in cooperation with Bible Hub, Discovery Bible, OpenBible.com, and the Berean Bible Translation Committee.

SIL Translator’s Notes on 1 Peter 3:12

3:12a

This verse part is a quotation of Psalm 34:15a.

For: The Greek conjunction that the Berean Standard Bible translates as For introduces a reason why people should do good and seek peace. Some English versions do not translate this conjunction. Translate it a way that is natural to introduce a reason in your language.

the eyes of the Lord are on the righteous: The Greek expression that the Berean Standard Bible translates literally as the eyes of the Lord are on the righteous means “the Lord is watching the righteous.” It implies that the Lord is watching righteous people in order to take care of them.

the righteous: The phrase the righteous here refers to people who do what Peter has just talked about: who do not speak evil, who do good to their enemies, and who try to make peace.

Some other ways to translate this expression include:

The Lord sees the good people (New Century Version)
-or-
The Lord watches over everyone who obeys him (Contemporary English Version)
-or-
The Lord watches those who do what is right

3:12b

This verse part is a quotation of Psalm 34:15b.

His ears are inclined to their prayer: The Greek phrase that the Berean Standard Bible translates as His ears are inclined to their prayer means that the Lord listens to the prayers of righteous people. He not only hears them as he hears everything that everyone says, but he cares about what they say. He is attentive to their needs. Here is another way to translate this clause:

he listens to their prayers (Contemporary English Version)

3:12c

This verse part is a quotation of Psalm 34:16a. Peter did not quote Psalm 34:16b.

the face of the Lord is against those who do evil: This is the opposite of the first part of the verse. It means that the Lord does not listen to the prayers of the wicked. Instead, he opposes them. Some translation models are:

the Lord is against those who do evil (New Century Version)
-or-
he opposes everyone who does evil (Contemporary English Version)
-or-
the Lord confronts those who do evil (God’s Word)

SIL Translator’s Notes on 1 Peter 5:3

5:3a

not lording it over: The Greek verb that the Berean Standard Bible translates as lording it over means to rule people in a bossy or dictatorial way. Church leaders should not behave like kings or chiefs who rule their people in a domineering way. The way church leaders behave should show believers how they themselves should behave. See Matthew 20:25 and Mark 10:42, where the same verb is used. Some other ways to translate this verb are:

Don’t be bossy (Contemporary English Version)
-or-
Do not be like a ruler (New Century Version)
-or-
not domineering (English Standard Version)

those entrusted to you: The Greek phrase that the Berean Standard Bible translates as those entrusted to you refers to the groups of believers who were assigned to the various church leaders. Other ways of translating this include:

those in your charge (Revised Standard Version)
-or-
people you are responsible for (New Century Version)
-or-
those whom God has entrusted to you

5:3b

but: The Greek conjunction that the Berean Standard Bible translates as but introduces a contrast. The elders were not to lead by giving orders but by setting a good example. Translate this contrast in a way that is natural in your language.

being examples to the flock: The Greek phrase that the Berean Standard Bible translates as being examples to the flock means that the church leaders were to behave in a way that others could imitate. In some languages it may be helpful to supply a word meaning “good.” For example:

setting ⌊good⌋ examples for the flock.

the flock: The phrase the flock refers back to the metaphor in 5:2a. Each elder was like a shepherd and the believers under his care were like his flock of sheep. So the flock is referring to the same people as “those entrusted to you” in 5:3a. You may want to translate flock the same way you did in 5:2a.

SIL Translator’s Notes on 1 Peter 1:9

1:9

now that you are receiving…salvation: The Greek phrase that the Berean Standard Bible translates as now that you are receiving…salvation is literally “receiving…salvation.” There are two ways to interpret the connection between this phrase and 1:8c:

(1) The believers were rejoicing because they were receiving salvation. For example:

because you are receiving…salvation (Good News Translation)

(Berean Standard Bible, Contemporary English Version, NET Bible, New International Version, New Revised Standard Version, Good News Translation)

(2) The believers were rejoicing and at the same time they were receiving salvation. For example:

And you are receiving…salvation (New Century Version)

(New Jerusalem Bible, New Living Translation (2004), Revised Standard Version, Revised English Bible, New Century Version)

The King James Version reads simply “receiving,” and the New American Standard Bible “obtaining,” which can be understood either way. It is recommended that you follow interpretation (1).

are receiving: The Greek word that the Berean Standard Bible translates as are receiving often refers to obtaining something as a reward or prize. Other ways to say this are:

obtain(ing) (God’s Word, New American Standard Bible, Revised Standard Version)
-or-
attaining (NET Bible)

If you have a natural way in your language to speak of people receiving what is due to them, then you may be able to use it here.

the goal of your faith: There are two ways to interpret the Greek word that the Berean Standard Bible translates as goal in this context:

(1) It refers to the goal or purpose of the believers’ faith. They believed in Jesus in order to be saved. For example:

the goal of your faith (God’s Word)

(Berean Standard Bible, Contemporary English Version, New Century Version, NET Bible, New International Version, New Jerusalem Bible, Good News Translation, God’s Word)

(2) It refers to the result of the believers’ faith. They believed in Jesus and as a result, they were saved. For example:

the outcome of your faith (Revised Standard Version)

(New American Standard Bible, New Living Translation (2004), Revised English Bible, Revised Standard Version, King James Version, Phillips’ New Testament in Modern English)

It is recommended that you follow interpretation (1) and the majority of English versions.

your faith: The Greek word that the Berean Standard Bible translates as faith refers to believing and trusting Jesus Christ. If it is necessary for you to translate it as a verb, it may be possible to say something like:

you are trusting ⌊Jesus Christ⌋ ⌊so that you may receive⌋ your salvation

the salvation of your souls: The phrase the salvation of your souls refers to being saved by Jesus Christ from sin and eternal death. Peter’s readers trusted in Jesus Christ as their Savior, and he was saving them at that very time. They would be finally saved from all sin at the last day.

salvation: Peter used this same word in 1:5b. There he spoke of the time when God will save his people in the future. Here he writes that God is already saving his people at the present time.

souls: In this context the Greek word that the Berean Standard Bible translates as souls refers to the believers themselves. It does not refer only to their spirits. In some languages it may be best to use a word like “you” or “your.” For example:

your salvation
-or-
is saving you

SIL Translator’s Notes on 1 Peter 2:16

2:16a

Live in freedom: The Greek phrase that the Berean Standard Bible translates as Live in freedom is literally “as free ⌊people⌋.” The Berean Standard Bible has supplied the word Live. It is also possible to supply a word meaning “Act” (as in the New American Standard Bible). Peter meant that his readers should consider themselves to be free and conduct themselves in a way that is appropriate for free people.

freedom: The Greek word that the Berean Standard Bible translates as freedom is the opposite of “slavery” and describes the state of “not being under the control of others.” In one sense, this is a metaphor. Many of the believers were, in fact, slaves. But the believers were free inwardly and spiritually. They were free to judge what was right and good. They were free from having to sin and from the pagan customs of their ancestors (see 1:18). Christ had set them free from those things.

Some other ways to translate this clause include:

Live as free people (New Century Version)
-or-
Live as those who are free (Revised English Bible)

2:16b

but: The Greek conjunction that the Berean Standard Bible translates as but and the Revised Standard Version as “yet” here introduces a limitation to the previous idea. Some English versions do not translate this conjunction. Introduce this limitation in a way that is natural for your language.

do not use your freedom as a cover-up for evil: Peter was concerned that his readers might misunderstand what he had said about being free, He emphasized that being free did not mean that they were free to do wrong.

In some languages freedom may not be something that a person can use. So you may need to translate it in one of these ways:

the fact that you are free is not an excuse for doing evil
-or-
do not try to cover/veil your sin by saying that you are free

cover-up: The Greek word that the Berean Standard Bible translates as cover-up is literally “cloak.” Here it refers to something that is used to hide something else. Think whether there is an idiomatic expression in your language for a cover-up, that is, something good that is used to hide an evil deed. Other translations include:

pretext (NET Bible)
-or-
excuse (New Century Version)

2:16c

live as servants of God: Peter was calling on the believers to realize that they must obey God above anyone else. They must try to please him. As in 2:16a, the Berean Standard Bible has supplied the word live.

servants: The Greek word that the Berean Standard Bible translates as servants referred to people who were not free to leave their employment. The idea is the opposite of being “in freedom,” as 2:16a says. In some languages it may be most accurate to translate this as:

slaves

General Comment on 2:16a–c

In some languages it may be natural to reverse the order of 2:16b and 16c:

16a You are free, 16b but still you are God’s servants, 16c and you must not use your freedom as an excuse for doing wrong (Contemporary English Version)

SIL Translator’s Notes on 1 Peter 4:1

Section 4:1–6

Christians should live to please God

In this section, Peter continued with the theme of suffering as followers of Christ. He urges his readers to follow Christ’s example and be willing to suffer for doing right and so avoid sinning. They must not follow the bad behavior of their pagan neighbors, who will be judged by God, but they should live according to God’s will.

Some other headings for this section are:

Change your lives (New Century Version)
-or-
Being Faithful to God (Contemporary English Version)

Paragraph 4:1–6

4:1a

Therefore: The Greek word that the Berean Standard Bible translates as Therefore introduces something that Peter’s readers should do as a result of what he had earlier said. It is also possible to translate this as:

So then

since Christ suffered in His body: By using this phrase Peter was reminding his readers of what he had said in 3:18. The fact that Christ suffered in His body was the basis for what he was about to command his readers.

Christ suffered in His body: The Greek expression that the Berean Standard Bible translates as Christ suffered in His body means that Christ suffered physically. It is probably referring specifically to Christ’s death on the cross. Refer back to your translation of 3:18d, where the same word (“flesh”) is used for body. Other translation models include:

Christ endured bodily suffering (Revised English Bible)
-or-
Christ suffered physically (Good News Translation)

4:1b

arm yourselves with the same resolve: The Greek phrase that the Berean Standard Bible translates as arm yourselves also with the same attitude means to prepare yourself for suffering by thinking in the right way, just as Christ did.

In some languages it may be natural to make explicit what the same attitude was. For example

Now you must be ready to suffer as he did (Contemporary English Version)

In some languages it may be necessary to say something like:

Think in the same way that Christ thought, and so strengthen/prepare yourselves ⌊for suffering⌋

arm yourselves: The Greek word that the Berean Standard Bible translates as arm yourselves is a military term meaning to equip or provide oneself with weapons. Peter wanted his readers to strengthen and prepare themselves for what they might have to suffer. Some other ways to translate arm yourselves are:

strengthen yourselves (New Century Version)
-or-
be ready (Good News Translation)

the same resolve: The Greek word that the Berean Standard Bible translates as resolve refers to the way in which Christ thought. He was willing to suffer and die on the cross. It can also be translated as:

thought (Revised Standard Version)
-or-
way of thinking (Good News Translation)

In some languages it may be necessary to translate it as a verb phrase. For example:

Think in the same way that Christ thought

4:1c

because anyone who has suffered in his body is done with sin: There are two ways of interpreting the Greek word that the Berean Standard Bible translates as because :

(1) It means for or because and introduces the reason for Christ’s attitude. For example:

for whoever has suffered in the flesh has ceased from sin (Revised Standard Version)

(Berean Standard Bible, King James Version, New American Standard Bible, New International Version, NET Bible, New Living Translation (2004), Contemporary English Version, Revised Standard Version)

(2) It means that and introduces the content of Christ’s attitude. For example:

[the same conviction] that anyone who has undergone bodily suffering has broken with sin (New Jerusalem Bible)

(God’s Word, New Jerusalem Bible)

It is recommended that you follow interpretation (1), along with the majority of English versions and commentary support.

anyone who has suffered in his body: The Greek phrase that the Berean Standard Bible translates as anyone who has suffered in his body is literally “the one who has suffered in flesh.” In this context it refers to someone who has suffered physically because of persecution. This could include being beaten or nor receiving food. Here is another way to translate this phrase:

whoever suffers physically (New Living Translation (2004))

is done with sin: The Greek phrase that the Berean Standard Bible translates as is done with sin in this context means “has renounced/ rejected sin.” A person who is willing to suffer persecution because of Christ has shown that he has renounced sin. He wants to obey Christ whatever happens. He has decided it is better to suffer than to sin. An English idiom that expresses this is:

has made a clean break with sin

Here is another way to translate this phrase:

is finished with sin (New Century Version)

In some languages it may be necessary to translate sin as a verb. For example:

is determined to stop sinning

SIL Translator’s Notes on 1 Peter 5:14

5:14a

Greet one another with a kiss of love: A similar command appears at the end of four of Paul’s letters. See Romans 16:16, 1 Corinthians 16:20, 2 Corinthians 13:12, and 1 Thessalonians 5:6. In New Testament times, members of a family showed their love for one another by greeting each other with a kiss on the cheek or forehead. It was also the custom in the meetings of the early church for Christians to express their affection for their fellow believers by kissing each other on the cheek or forehead.

Today in cultures where kissing is practiced, it is often strongly associated with sexual love, so a literal translation might convey the wrong meaning. In other cultures the custom of kissing is not known. In either case it may be better to use the word for the usual greeting or a general word such “embrace.” For example:

Give each other a warm greeting (Contemporary English Version)
-or-
embrace each other as fellow believers

If you use the word kiss, you may need to make clear the kind of kiss that Peter had in mind and the reason for it:

kiss on the cheek to show your love for your fellow Christians.

5:14b

Peace to all of you who are in Christ: This is a blessing. Peter concluded his letter by giving his readers the blessing of peace. In some languages it may be necessary to make it explicit that God is the one who gives peace. For example:

⌊May God give peace⌋ to all of you who are in Christ.

Peace: The Greek word that the Berean Standard Bible translates as Peace here refers to having a quiet heart and life and a good relationship with God and other people. See how you translated this word in 1:2e. In some languages you may need to translate it as a verb:

May you be calm/peaceful

SIL Translator’s Notes on 1 Peter 1:20

1:20

Even before God created the world, he had already appointed his Son, Christ, to save mankind. Finally, after many ages had passed, Christ came into the world as a human being. God sent him to be the perfect sacrifice and save people from their sins.

1:20a

He was known: The Greek word that the Berean Standard Bible translates as He was known is passive. If it is more natural in your language to use an active verb, you could say:

⌊God⌋ knew ⌊Jesus⌋

God “knew” Jesus in the sense that he decided that Jesus would do a certain task. The expression does not mean that God selected Jesus from a group. Other ways to translate this include:

⌊God⌋ appointed/designated him
-or-
he was predestined/destined (Revised English Bible)

before the foundation of the world: The words that the Berean Standard Bible translates as the foundation of the world refer to God’s creating the world and everything in it. In some languages it may be natural to translate the abstract noun foundation as a verb. For example:

before the world was created (Contemporary English Version)
-or-
before the world existed (God’s Word)
-or-
before ⌊God⌋ created/made the world

1:20b

but: There are two ways of understanding the relationship between 1:20a and 1:20b:

(1) The relationship is one of contrast. For example:

but (Revised Standard Version)

(Berean Standard Bible, King James Version, New American Standard Bible, Revised English Bible, NET Bible, God’s Word, New Living Translation (2004), New Century Version, Contemporary English Version, New International Version, Revised Standard Version)

(2) The relationship is one of continuation. For example:

and (Good News Translation)

(New Jerusalem Bible, Good News Translation)

It is recommended that you follow interpretation (1) and the majority of English versions.

was revealed: The verb phrase was revealed is referring to Christ’s life and ministry on earth during Peter’s lifetime. Christ came from heaven to earth for everyone to see him. The verb is passive. If it is more natural in your language to use an active verb, you may say:

⌊God⌋ revealed him
-or-

⌊God sent him to earth⌋ for all to see
-or-
he appeared

in the last times: The period of the last times began when Jesus Christ “was revealed” in Peter’s time (see note above), and they will end when the world comes to an end.

There is a textual issue here. The Greek manuscripts do not all say the same thing:

(1) Some Greek manuscripts speak of a period of time, literally “the ends of the times.” For example:

in this last period of time (Revised English Bible)

(Berean Standard Bible, Contemporary English Version, King James Version, New American Standard Bible, New Century Version, NET Bible, New International Version, Good News Translation, New Living Translation (2004), God’s Word, Revised English Bible, Phillips’ New Testament in Modern English)

(2) Some Greek manuscripts speak of a point of time, literally “the end of the times.” For example:

at the final point of time (New Jerusalem Bible)

(Revised Standard Version, New Jerusalem Bible)

It is recommended that you follow option (1) and the majority of English versions. You may be able to translate this phrase as:

in this final ⌊period of⌋ time
-or-
in these final times ⌊before the world ends⌋

for your sake: In this context, the phrase for your sake means “for your benefit.” God sent Jesus Christ into the world for the benefit of all who trust him. He planned to do good to them by saving them from sin and giving them eternal life. Here is another way to translate this phrase:

for your good (God’s Word)

In some languages it may be necessary to use a verb form. For example:

to help you

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Source: SIL Translator’s Notes on 1 Peter 2018

SIL Translator’s Notes on 1 Peter 2:5

SIL Translator’s Notes on 1 Peter 3:12

SIL Translator’s Notes on 1 Peter 5:3

SIL Translator’s Notes on 1 Peter 1:9

SIL Translator’s Notes on 1 Peter 2:16

SIL Translator’s Notes on 1 Peter 4:1

SIL Translator’s Notes on 1 Peter 5:14

SIL Translator’s Notes on 1 Peter 1:20

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