15:8a And he struck them ruthlessly with a great slaughter,

So Samson attacked them violently and killed many of them.
-or-
And Samson killed many of them when he attacked them with all his strength.

15:8b and then went down and stayed in the cave at the rock of Etam.

Then he went down to the rock of Etam and lived in the cave there ⌊temporarily⌋ .
-or-
After that, Samson went to a place called the Etam rock. He stayed/lived in a cave there for some time.

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