Japanese honorifics (Isaiah 28:21)

Like a number of other East Asian languages, Japanese uses a complex system of honorifics, i.e. a system where a number of different levels of politeness are expressed in language via words, word forms or grammatical constructs. These can range from addressing someone or referring to someone with contempt (very informal) to expressing the highest level of reference (as used in addressing or referring to God) or any number of levels in-between.

One way to do this is through the usage (or a lack) of an honorific prefix as shown here in the widely-used Japanese Shinkaiyaku (新改訳) Bible of 2017. When the referent is God, the “divine” honorific prefix mi- (御 or み) can be used, as here in mi-ude (みわざ) or “work (of God).”

Also, an honorific construction is used where the morphemes rare (られ) or are (され) are affixed on the verb. This is particularly done with verbs that have God as the agent to show a deep sense of reverence. Here, aga-rare-ru (上がられる) or “go up,” s-are-ru (される) or “do/make,” okonaw-are-ru (行われる) or “do/perform,” and furuitat-are-ru (奮い立たれる) or “rouse” are used.

(Source: S. E. Doi, see also S. E. Doi in Journal of Translation, 18/2022, p. 37ff. )

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