Language-specific Insights

turned up as by fire

In Gbaya, the notion of “turned up as by fire” in Job 28:5 is emphasized with ŋa̧a̧, an ideophone that expresses a desert-like aspect.

Ideophones are a class of sound symbolic words expressing human sensation that are used as literary devices in many African languages. (Source: Philip Noss)

tears flowing

In Gbaya, the notion of torrents like tears in Lamentations 1:16 is emphasized with the ideophone sususu.

Ideophones are a class of sound symbolic words expressing human sensation that are used as literary devices in many African languages. (Source: Philip Noss)

See also flow without ceasing.

foul smell

In Gbaya, the notion of the foul smell in Joel 2:20 with ɓókólók, an ideophone that describes a fecal or rotten smell.

Ideophones are a class of sound symbolic words expressing human sensation that are used as literary devices in many African languages. (Source: Philip Noss)

anxiety

In Gbaya, the notion of anxiety is emphasized in Proverbs 12:25 with hɛrɗɛŋ, an ideophone that expresses a feeling of impatience, and eagerness to see something come true.

Ideophones are a class of sound symbolic words expressing human sensation that are used as literary devices in many African languages. (Source: Philip Noss)

more in number

In Gbaya, the notion of the great number of enemies in Psalms 69:4 is emphasized with mgbíɗíɗí , an ideophone used to describe several things of the same size, such as lawn grass.

Ideophones are a class of sound symbolic words expressing human sensation that are used as literary devices in many African languages. (Source: Philip Noss)

fell face down

In Gbaya, the notion of the large Goliath onto the ground in 1 Samuel 17:49 is emphasized with the ideophone rum, which refers to the collapse of a large animal or a person falling heavily.

Ideophones are a class of sound symbolic words expressing human sensation that are used as literary devices in many African languages. (Source: Philip Noss)

June F. Dickie reports this about a performance of the fight between David and Goliath in Hebrew (in: Verbum et Ecclesia 2021 ): “The text says that Goliath ‘fell on his face to the ground.’ In a performance of this story, the audience and actors physically saw Goliath’s body lying on the floor in front of David, making it appear as if Goliath was showing abeyance and serving David, a dramatic reversal of Goliath’s taunt in 1 Samuel 17:9. Such insights often only become apparent as one physically acts out the story. As Jeff Barker (2020) observed, ‘Great drama makes the unseen see-able.'”

bloodshed

In Gbaya, the notion of bloodshed in the streets is emphasized in Ezekiel 28:23 with dekpe-dekpe, an ideophone that describes something like abundant clotted blood.

Ideophones are a class of sound symbolic words expressing human sensation that are used as literary devices in many African languages. (Source: Philip Noss)

moderate wind

In Gbaya, the notion of a moderate wind is emphasized in Acts 27:13 with fɛ̀ɛ̀, an ideophone that expresses the breath of a light wind, a breeze.

Ideophones are a class of sound symbolic words expressing human sensation that are used as literary devices in many African languages. (Source: Philip Noss)