5:12a But since our fathers angered the God of heaven,

But, because our (excl.) ancestors caused the God who is in heaven to be angry,
-or-
But, our ancestors ⌊disobeyed⌋ our (excl.) God who rules from heaven, and he was angry with them.

5:12b He delivered them into the hand of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, the Chaldean

he caused them to be conquered/defeated by Nebuchadnezzar, a man from Chaldea who ruled Babylon.
-or-
So he allowed King/Chief Nebuchadnezzar, the Chaldean, to rule them.

5:12c who destroyed this temple and carried away the people to Babylon.

King Nebuchadnezzar destroyed this temple and took the people to Babylon as his prisoners/captives.
-or-
Nebuchadnezzar destroyed the house of our (excl.) God ⌊here⌋ and forced our people to go and live in ⌊the land of⌋ Babylon.

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