the smoke of the land going up like the smoke of a furnace

In Gbaya, the notion of something that obstructs (such as smoke) in Genesis 19:28 is emphasized with the ideophone ŋmak-ŋmak, which refers to something that closes, obstructs, or clutters.

Ideophones are a class of sound symbolic words expressing human sensation that are used as literary devices in many African languages. (Source: Philip Noss)

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