Fell upon his face: as in Hebrew, the Aramaic verb “fall” in this context does not indicate an involuntary movement as it does in many languages. Rather it is used of a conscious and deliberate action from a higher to a lower position in order to show submission. For this reason the verb in this phrase is often rendered “bowed down” or “prostrated himself,” or something similar.

Did homage to Daniel: or “praised Daniel,” or “gave honor to Daniel.” New Revised Standard Version translates “worshiped Daniel.” The Aramaic word carries the idea of the humble status of one who bows before a superior to show his submission and obedience. When used with the previous verb (“fall down”), it is not a simple alternative for the physical gesture of bowing down, but adds to it the idea of “doing homage” to a person. Translators are advised to retain the two different verbs whenever possible, with the first focusing on the physical act and the second on the attitude of the person. In certain cases it is possible to use an idiomatic expression. For example, in certain areas there is the practice of taking a bit of earth in the hand and rubbing it on the body after bowing down in order to show submission.

Commanded that an offering and incense be offered up to him: the text speaks of “offerings” in the plural. But the Aramaic word used here does not necessarily mean the sacrifice of an animal. It is also used of a cereal offering (compare Lev 2.2). But it certainly involves things that were eaten, in contrast with incense, which was a kind of perfume or sweet-smelling element.

To him: that is, “to Daniel,” as indicated in Good News Translation. If the pronoun is retained, translators should make certain that it is understood to refer to Daniel and not to the king himself.

Quoted with permission from Péter-Contesse, René & Ellington, John. A Handbook on Daniel. (UBS Helps for Translators). New York: UBS, 1994. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .