topaz

In Gbaya, the pale color of the topaz in Revelation 21:20 is emphasized with vaka-vuku, an ideophone that refers to something green, pale, like a precious stone.

Ideophones are a class of sound symbolic words expressing human sensation that are used as literary devices in many African languages. (Source: Philip Noss)

jewels in the New Jerusalem

The Greek text that describes the city of the New Jerusalem in terms of jewels and other precious materials is translated in the German New Testament translation of Berger / Nord (publ. 2005) by using color references: “The city wall is made of jasper, and the city itself of gold that is as pure as glass. The foundations of the city wall are of great beauty, for they are built out of precious stones in many different colours. The first foundation-stone is jasper, the second blue sapphire, the third red agate, the fourth light green emerald, the fifth reddish brown onyx, the sixth yellowish red carnelian, the seventh yellow-gold quartz, the eighth beryl as green as the sea, the ninth shining yellow topaz, the tenth chalcedony, shimmering green-golden, the eleventh deep red jacinth, the twelfth purple amethyst. The twelve gates are twelve pearls, each gate is made from a single pearl. The main street of the city is of gold as shining as glass.” (for the German version see below.)

Chistiane Nord (in Open Theology 2016; 2: p. 566ff.) explains: “One of the purposes of this passage is certainly a referential-descriptive one. John sees the city in a vision and describes it to his readers. The referential function of this rather technical description works quite well for most readers, and certainly best for those with a specialist knowledge of precious and semi-precious stones. But apart from the referential purpose, the author may have had the intention to express his admiration for the city he has seen. Asked about their associations when reading or listening to the text, most people answer that they are thinking of the enormous value represented by the gold and the stones.

“This, again, is a rather modern perspective. We might wonder why a follower of Jesus, who showed so much contempt for ‘the world’ and its riches himself, would precisely describe his vision of God’s ‘new creation’ as something so rich in material terms. Precisely the great variety of different stones would seem to suggest that perhaps the author’s focus might have been rather on the colours than on the value. On the grounds of the assumption that his addressees knew the colours of all the stones he is describing, he need not mention them explicitly. But if modern translators want their target audience to share the author’s admiration of the beauty and colourfulness of his vision, they would have to make explicit what is implicit in the text. (…) Here it becomes clear that the text has also an expressive-evaluative or emotive function apart from the referential one. But even the expressive purpose may not be the most important one. The vision of the New Jerusalem is presented at the end of last book of the Christian Bible, following the horrors of the apocalypse, and it seems to be the absolute culmination of the Christian message. We may assume, therefore, that there is also an appellative purpose underlying the text, since the New Jerusalem presents the ideal of God’s new creation, for which a large number of martyrs through history were prepared to give their lives. An appellative intention cannot be carried out by a technical description -– for this purpose, we definitely need to know the colours. Therefore, our translation makes explicit the colours. Some critics found that this procedure reduces the poetic effect of the passage. However, the use of adjective compounds to describe the different shades of the stones (e.g., gelbrot, “yellow-red”, or meergrün, “ocean-green”, glasrein, “glass-pure”) is intended to compensate for any loss in poeticity.”

The text in German: Die Stadtmauer ist aus Jaspis erbaut, die Stadt selbst aus glasreinem Gold. Die Fundamente der Stadtmauer sind von großer Schönheit, denn sie bestehen aus verschiedenfarbenen Edelsteinen. Das erste Fundament ist aus grünlichem Jaspis, das zweite aus blauem Saphir, das dritte aus rotem Chalzedon, das vierte aus hellgrünem Smaragd, das fünfte aus rotbraunem Sardonyx, das sechste aus gelbrotem Carneol, das siebte aus goldgelbem Chrysolit, das achte aus meergrünem Beryll, das neunte aus gelbglänzendem Topas, das zehnte aus goldgrün schimmerndem Chrysopras, das elfte aus dunkelrotem Hyazinth, das zwölfte aus purpurnem Amethyst. Die zwölf Tortürme sind zwölf Perlen, jeder Torturm besteht aus einer einzigen Perle, und die Hauptstraße der Stadt ist aus glasreinem Gold.

See also rows of stones on Aaron’s breastpiece.

Heavenly Jerusalem

Painting by Nalini Jayasuriya (1927 – 2014), used with permission by the Overseas Ministries Study Center (OMSC) at Princeton Theological Seminary. You can purchase this and many other artworks by artists in residence at the OSMC in high resolution and without a watermark via the OSMC website .

“Nalini M. Jayasuriya was an internationally known artist from Sri Lanka, who exhibited her soul-stirring paintings in Manila, London, Bangkok, Paris, Toronto, Tokyo, Jerusalem and New York. (…) While growing up in Sri Lanka, Nalini never took an art course. As an eight-year old assigned to draw a still life in drawing class, she ended up erasing a hole in her paper, and was told to take her books and leave. She spent the rest of the year’s drawing class time in the library. Her real talent was music; from about age four, she could play almost any piece of music that she heard. At about age fifteen, she wrote a number of poems that were published, and later wrote a secondary-level reader consisting of letters from her cat, Ingy.

“The direction of Nalini’s life changed when, as a young ESL teacher, she was offered an unsolicited British Council grant to study in England. She saw this as one of the many miracles in her life. For three years in London, she experienced a whole new world. She added evening classes to her schedule, including coursework in stained glass and enamel on metal, thinking that she would never again have such an opportunity. Later, she received seven scholarships and fellowships, (none of which she applied for) and she went on to live in thirty-six different countries.

“’I come from a land of rich, ancient, and diverse cultures and traditions. While I carry the enriching influences of both West and East, I express myself through an Asian and Christian consciousness with respect for all confessions of religious faith.’ Nalini Jayasuriya)” (Source )

complete verse (Revelation 21:20)

Following are a number of back-translations of Revelation 21:20:

  • Uma: “The fifth a striped white and reddish stone called unam stone. The sixth a dark red [lit., burnt red] stone called sardisstone. The seventh a shiny stone yellow like gold that is called ratna cempaka stone. The eighth stone is green/blue like the egg of a jikura’ bird, called beril stone. The ninth a bright yellow transparent stone called krisolitstone. The tenth a stone that is green/blue like the top of the banana-tree that has just opened, called krisopras stone. The eleventh is a stone that is grayish like the sky called lazuardi stone. [NOTE: Umas call the color of the sky gray, not blue/green], And the twelfth is a stone that is transparent and purple,called kecubung stone.” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
  • Yakan: “the fifth one an orange precious-stone, the sixth one a red precious-stone, the seventh one a yellow precious-stone, the eighth one a green precious-stone with a pattern, the ninth one a bright yellow precious-stone, the tenth one a greenish-yellow precious-stone, the eleventh one a deep blue precious-stone and the twelfth one a really purple precious-stone.” (Source: Yakan Back Translation)
  • Western Bukidnon Manobo: “the fifth was sardonyx, the sixth was carnelian, the seventh was chrysolite, the eighth was beryl, the ninth was topaz, the tenth was chrysoprase, the eleventh was jacinth, and the twelfth was amethyst.” (Source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
  • Kankanaey: “the fifth sardonika, the sixth karnelia, the seventh krisolito, the eighth berilo, the ninth topasio, the tenth krisoprasio, the eleventh hasinto, and the twelfth amatista.” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
  • Tagbanwa: “onise was the fifth, the sixth kornalina, krisolito was the seventh, berilo was the eighth, the nineth topasyo, krisopraso was the tenth. The eleventh was hasinto, and amatista was the twelfth.” (Source: Tagbanwa Back Translation)
  • Tenango Otomi: “The fifth stone was a mixed stone mixed with white called onyx. The sixth stone was a red stone called carnelian. The seventh stone was yellow stone called quartz. The eighth stone was a green stone called beryl. The ninth stone was a yellow stone called topaz. The tenth stone was a greenish stone called chalcedony. The eleventh stone was a blue stone called turquoise. The twelfth stone was a purple stone called amethyst.” (Source: Tenango Otomi Back Translation)

Translation commentary on Revelation 21:19 – 21:20

The foundations of the wall of the city: “The foundation stones of the wall around the city,” “The stones upon which the wall around the city was built,” or, more simply, “… of the wall.”

Adorned with every jewel: the Greek verb translated adorned is the same one used of the bride in verse 2. Here every means, more generally, “of all kinds,” “of different kinds.” Every jewel may also be expressed as “all kinds of beautiful (or, expensive) stones.”

The first was jasper: it is not certain whether the Greek text means “the first foundation stone was adorned with jasper” or “the first foundation stone was made of jasper.” The majority of commentaries and translations take the Greek to mean that the first foundation stone was a jasper, that is, that each foundation stone was a single huge precious stone. This involves an apparent inconsistency, but it is not different in kind or degree from other such inconsistencies in this book. So one may translate “the first foundation stone was made of jasper” or “the first stone was made of a green and blue material.”

There is considerable uncertainty over some of the twelve stones named, and modern translations differ. A comparison of ten translations in English (Revised Standard Version, New Revised Standard Version, New English Bible, Revised English Bible, New American Bible, Revised, Translator’s New Testament, New Jerusalem Bible, New International Version, An American Translation, Good News Translation) shows that seven of the translations agree almost unanimously on eight of the twelve stones (New Jerusalem Bible is markedly different from the others). Revised Standard Version and Good News Bible differ on the names of three of the stones.

If the names of all the stones are not readily available in a given language, the best thing to do is to identify the stone by its color; for example, “a precious blue stone,” or the like. In some languages, however, it will be difficult, if not impossible, to name this many different colors. In some instances it may be necessary to transliterate the foreign names, “a precious stone called ‘jasper.’ ”

Jasper: see 4.3. New Jerusalem Bible and Biblia Dios Habla Hoy have “diamond.”

Sapphire: a precious stone, usually blue.

Agate: a semiprecious stone of various colors; perhaps green is indicated here.

Emerald: see 4.3 (the emerald is a superior variety of beryl).

Onyx: a semiprecious stone, of various colors; perhaps here a red stone. Here a number of translations have “sardonyx,” which is a variety of onyx.

Carnelian: see 4.3; it is a variety of chalcedony.

Chrysolite: in today’s terminology this is a peridot, a transparent yellowish-green silicate of magnesium. The biblical gem was probably a gold-colored stone; so Good News Translation “yellow quartz,” and New Jerusalem Bible “gold quartz.”

Beryl: usually bluish-green, but of other colors as well.

Topaz: usually yellow.

Chrysoprase: the modern stone is an apple-green chalcedony, but there is uncertainty about the meaning of the Greek term (chrysoprase is a transliteration of the Greek).

Jacinth: or “hyacinth.” This is a reddish-orange variety of zircon. Good News Translation and Revised English Bible have “turquoise,” which is blue or bluish-green.

Amethyst: purple or violet.

Quoted with permission from Bratcher, Robert G. and Hatton, Howard A. A Handbook on The Revelation to John. (UBS Handbook Series). New York: UBS, 1993. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .

SIL Translator’s Notes on Revelation 21:20

21:20a

sardonyx: This name in Greek is spelled sardonux. This word refers to a kind of stone with red bands and lighter color bands. The lighter color bands can be white, tan, or pink. Light reflects off the surface of this stone. Light does not shine through this stone like it does through glass.

In some languages people are not familiar with sardonyx. If that is true in your language, you may want to:

• Use a descriptive phrase. For example:

a shiny, banded/striped red stone ⌊named⌋ sardonyx

• Use the major language word for sardonyx. If people are not familiar with this word, explain it in a footnote. An example footnote is:

Sardonyx is a kind of red stone with lighter colored bands. It shines brightly.

carnelian: This word refers to a kind of blood-red stone that shines brightly in the sun. (The Greek word is sardion.) Light reflects off the surface of this stone. Light does not shine through this stone like it does through glass. See how you translated this word in 4:3.

21:20b

chrysolite: This name in Greek is spelled chrusolithos, where the “ch” is pronounced like a “k” without stopping the air in the mouth. This word probably refers to yellow jasper or yellow quartz. For example:

goldstone (Phillips’ New Testament in Modern English)

Light reflects off the surface of yellow jasper, but it shines through yellow quartz.

In some languages people are not familiar with chrysolite. If that is true in your language, you may want to:

• Use a descriptive phrase. For example:

a shiny, yellow stone ⌊named⌋ chrysolite

• Use the major language word for chrysolite. If people are not familiar with this word, explain it in a footnote. An example footnote is:

Chrysolite is a kind of yellow stone. It shines brightly.

beryl: This name in Greek is spelled berullos. This word refers to a kind of bluish-green or sea-green stone that light shines through.

In some languages people are not familiar with beryl. If that is true in your language, you may want to:

• Use a descriptive phrase. For example:

a shiny, glassy/transparent bluish-green stone ⌊named⌋ beryl

• Use the major language word for beryl. If people are not familiar with this word, explain it in a footnote. An example footnote is:

Beryl is a kind of bluish-green stone. Light shines through it.

21:20c

topaz: This name in Greek is spelled topazion. This word refers to a kind of yellowish-brown or greenish-yellow stone that light shines through.

In some languages people are not familiar with topaz. If that is true in your language, you may want to:

• Use a descriptive phrase. For example:

a shiny, glassy/transparent yellow/greenish-yellow stone ⌊named⌋ topaz

• Use the major language word for topaz. If people are not familiar with this word, explain it in a footnote. An example footnote is:

Topaz is a kind of yellow or greenish-yellow stone. Light shines through it.

chrysoprase: This name in Greek is spelled chrusoprasos, where the “ch” is pronounced like a “k” without stopping the air in the mouth. This word refers to a kind of green stone that shines brightly in the sun. Light reflects off the surface of this stone. Light does not shine through this stone like it does through glass.

In some languages people are not familiar with chrysoprase. If that is true in your language, you may want to:

• Use a descriptive phrase. For example:

a shiny green stone ⌊named⌋ chrysoprase

• Use the major language word for chrysoprase. If people are not familiar with this word, explain it in a footnote. An example footnote is:

Chrysoprase is a kind of green stone. It shines brightly.

21:20d

jacinth: This name in Greek is spelled uakinthos. This Greek word refers to a kind of dark blue stone that shines brightly in the sun. Light reflects off the surface of this stone. Light does not shine through this stone like it does through glass. It may refer to the same color that is translated as “sapphire” in 9:17b.

In some languages people are not familiar with jacinth. If that is true in your language, you may want to:

• Use a descriptive phrase. For example:

a shiny, dark blue stone ⌊named⌋ jacinth

• Use the major language word for jacinth. If people are not familiar with this word, explain it in a footnote. An example footnote is:

Jacinth is the Greek word for a kind of dark blue stone. It shines brightly.

amethyst: This name in Greek is spelled amethustos. This word refers to a kind of purple stone that light shines through.

In some languages people are not familiar with amethyst. If that is true in your language, you may want to:

• Use a descriptive phrase. For example:

a shiny, glassy/transparent purple stone ⌊named⌋ amethyst

• Use the major language word for amethyst. If people are not familiar with this word, explain it in a footnote. An example footnote is:

Amethyst is a kind of purple stone. Light shines through it.

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