The Greek that is translated as “cross” or similar in English when metaphorically or actually referring to what needed to be carried to the place of crucifixion is translated in the German New Testament translation by Berger / Nord (publ. 1999) as Querbalken des Kreuzes or “crossbar of the cross.” Berger/Nord (p. 432) explain: “The cross consisted of a vertical pole that was tightly anchored in the ground, on which a crossbar had to be fastened. The crossbar had to be carried to the place of execution by the delinquents themselves.”
The Greek that is translated into English as “crucify” is translated in various ways:
Naro: xgàu or “to stretch” (as is done with a skin after slaughtering in order to dry it. The word is also widely accepted in the churches.) (Source: Gerrit van Steenbergen)
Yatzachi Zapotec: “fasten him to the cross” (source for this and two above: M. Larson / B. Moore in Notes on Translation February 1970, p. 1-125)
Noongar: “kill on a tree” (source: Warda-Kwabba Luke-Ang)
Apali: “nail to a tree piece put cross-wise, lift up to stand upright (for the crucified person) to die (and in some contexts: “to die and rise again”)” (source: Martha Wade)
In British Sign Language it is signed with a sign that signifies “nails hammered into hands” and “arms stretched out.” (Source: Anna Smith)
“Crucify” or “crucifixion” in British Sign Language (source: Christian BSL, used with permission)
Following is a painting by Wang Suda 王肅達 (1910-1963):
Housed by Société des Auxiliaires des Missions Collection – Whitworth University
(click image to enlarge)
Image taken from Chinese Christian Posters . For more information on the “Ars Sacra Pekinensis” school of art, see this article , for other artworks of that school in TIPs, see here.
Click or tap here to see a short video clip showing how crucifixion was done in biblical times (source: Bible Lands 2012)
The Greek that is translated as “cross” in English is often referred to a visualization of the cross’ shape. In Mandarin Chinese and Japanese, for instance, it is translated as 十字架 (Chinese: shízìjià; Japanese: jūjika) — “10-character-frame” because the character for “10” has the shape of a cross) or in Ancient Greek manuscripts with the staurogram (⳨) a ligature of the Greek letters tau (Τ) and rho (Ρ) that was used to abbreviate stauros (σταυρός), the Greek word for cross, and may visually have represented Jesus on the cross.
Elsewhere it refers to the function, e.g. a newly coined term, like one made up of two Sanskrit words meaning “killing-pole” (Marathi NT revision of 1964), “wood to-stretch-out-with” (Toraja-Sa’dan), or “nailing pole” (Zarma). A combination of the two seems to be used in Balinese, which employs a word for the crossbeams in a house, derived from a verb that can refer both to a beam that stretches from side to side under a roof, and to a person stretched out for torture (source for this and above: Reiling / Swellengrebel). Similarly, in Lamba it is translated “with umutaliko — ‘a pole with a cross-piece, on which maize was normally tied’ from the verb ‘talika’ which, strangely enough, is used of ‘holding down a man with arms and legs stretched out, someone gripping each limb.'” (Source C. M. Doke in The Bible Translator 1958, p. 57ff. ).
“In Mongolian, the term that is used is togonoltchi mott, which is found in the top of a tent. The people on the steppes live in round felt-yurts and the round opening on the top of the tent serves as a window. The crosswood in that opening is called togonoltchi mott. ‘Crucified’ is translated ‘nailed on the crosswood.’ This term is very simple, but deep and interesting too. Light comes to men through the Cross. What a privilege to be able to proclaim such a message.” (Source: A. W. Marthinson in The Bible Translator 1954, p. 74ff. )
In Mairasi it is translated as iwo nasin ae: “chest measurement wood.” “This term refers to the process of making a coffin when a person dies. The man making the coffin takes a piece of bamboo and measures the body from head to heel. He then breaks the stick off at the appropriate point. For the width he measures the shoulders and then ties the two sticks together in the shape of a cross. As he works, he continually measures to make sure the coffin is the correct size. At the gravesite, the coffin is lowered. Then the gravecloth, palm leaves, and finally the chest measurement stick are laid on top of the coffin before the dirt is piled on. This term is full of meaning, because it is in the shape of a cross, and each person will have one. The meaning is vividly associated with death.” (Source: Enggavoter, 2004)
In Lisu it is translated as ꓡꓯꓼ ꓐꓳ ꓔꓶꓸ DU — lä bo tɯ du: “a place to stretch the arms across” (source: Arrington 2020, p. 215), in Noongar as boorn-yambo: “crossed tree” (source: Warda-Kwabba Luke-Ang), in Yagaria as malipu yava or “cross-wood,” Alekano as “cross-wise tree,” in Kuman (PNG) as endi pirake or “vertical and horizontal beam” (source for this and two above: Renck 1990, p. 81), and in Tibetan as rgyangs shing (རྒྱངས་ཤིང་།), lit. “stretch + wood” (“translators have adopted the name of this traditional Tibetan instrument of torture to denote the object on which Jesus died”) (source: gSungrab website ).
The English translation of Ruden (2021) uses “stake.” She explains (p. xlv): “The cross was the perpendicular joining of two execution stakes, and the English word euphemistically emphasized the geometry: a cross could also be an abstract cross drawn on paper. The Greeks used their word for ‘stake,’ and this carries the imagery of what was done with it, as our ‘stake’ carries images of burning and impaling. ‘Hang on the stakes’ for ‘crucify’ is my habitual usage.”
This is a contemporary tempera/gouache on leather painting by an unknown Ethiopian artist. Source: Sacred Art Pilgrim website .
“Miriam-Rose Ungunmerr-Baumann (born 1950) was a member of the Daly River Mission church in Australia’s Northern Territory. When it was being redecorated in 1974 she was invited to paint a series of Stations of the Cross. It is unusual for an Aboriginal woman to paint since this is usually the task of the men, but she accepted the challenge and produced a remarkable series of paintings which, like other Aboriginal art, uses symbols to go beyond external shapes to inner meanings and emotions. The Stations of the Cross were painted in acrylic paint on burnie board.
“Ungunmerr-Baumann explains the symbolism of the Stations of the Cross: ‘The third stop shows Jesus falling for the first time (below). In Jesus’ weakened state the weight of the cross forces him to fall. The patterns on his body show the physical stress he is under. The circles on his head indicate the pain and sorrow locked up inside him. The patterns on the cross show the increasing weight on his shoulders. In the Fifth Station, Simon of Cyrene helps Jesus carry the cross (opposite). When Simon takes hold of the cross, his body merges with that of Jesus. The pattern on Jesus’ head is open: he is giving grace to Simon to strengthen him. When Simon took hold of the cross, something happened inside him: the sun rose inside his head, his mind burst with a new belief, he became a new man. The resurrection had already begun.’ She prays: ‘Jesus you take your heavy cross, It gives you pain. Help all who suffer. Forgive us for the pain we give you and others.'” (Source for this and the image: The Bible Through Asian Eyes by Masao Takenaka and Ron O’Grady 1991)
Following are a number of back-translations of Matthew 27:32:
Uma: “On the was they met a person named Simon the Kirene person. The Roma soldiers forced Simon to bear-on-his-shoulder Yesus’s cross.” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
Yakan: “While they were leaving the town, they met a man from the place Kirene, his name was Simon. The soldiers forced him telling him to carry the post to which Isa was soon to be nailed.” (Source: Yakan Back Translation)
Western Bukidnon Manobo: “And on the trail they met a man named Simon, and they forced him to carry the cross that Jesus was carrying.” (Source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
Kankanaey: “While they were still on the way (lit. path), they met a man from-Cirene who was named Simon, and they forced-him to carry-on-his-shoulder Jesus’ cross.” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
Tagbanwa: “As the soldiers to-whom-Jesus -had-been-committed were going out of that city, they came across a man called Simon who was a taga Cirene. They forced him to shoulder the cross on which they would nail Jesus.” (Source: Tagbanwa Back Translation)
Tenango Otomi: “On the road they met up with a man who was a native of the city of Cyrene, who was named Simon. The soldiers who were taking Jesus along caused that Simon carried the cross on which Jesus was to be put.” (Source: Tenango Otomi Back Translation)
Living Water is produced for the Bible translation movement in association with Lutheran Bible Translators. Lyrics derived from the ESV® Bible (The Holy Bible, English Standard Version®).
The text says they went out without saying what they were going out of, but “out of the city” seems most likely.
Came upon is best understood to mean “happened to find” or “happened to meet.”
Cyrene was a Greek city on the north coast of Africa. For some it is helpful to say “the city of Cyrene.” Simon is also mentioned by Mark (15.21) and Luke (23.26). He may have been someone well known in the Christian community to which Mark wrote, because there he is further identified as “the father of Alexander and Rufus.” For Matthew he seems to have been no more than a name.
That the soldiers forced Simon to carry Jesus’ cross is not exceptional. The rigors of the trial and of the beating which followed would have left Jesus physically exhausted. It was customary for the condemned man to carry the cross beam (not the entire cross) on his shoulder; the upright of the cross would have remained in a stationary position at the site of execution. Cross was discussed previously at 10.38. Here translators can say “board (or, beam) on which they would execute him (or, put him to death).”
Compelled translates the same verb used in 5.41; see comment there. They forced Simon to carry his cross. Some have to specify “Jesus’ cross.”
Quoted with permission from Newman, Barclay M. and Stine, Philip C. A Handbook on the Gospel of Matthew. (UBS Handbook Series). New York: UBS, 1988. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .
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