flesh (human nature)

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The Greek that is often translated as “flesh” in English (when referring to the lower human nature) can, according to Nida (1947, p. 153) “very rarely be literally translated into another language. ‘My meat’ or ‘my muscle’ does not make sense in most languages.” He then gives a catalog of almost 30 questions to determine a correct translation for that term.

Accordingly, the translations are very varied:

The Toraja-Sa’dan translation uses a variety of terms for the translation of the same Greek term (click or tap here to see the rest of this insight)

  • A form of kale tolinona or “corporeal” is for instance used in Romans 9:5 or Colossians 1:22 (and also in Genesis 6:3 and Exodus 30:32)
  • A form of mentolinona or “the human” is for instance used in Matthew 16:17 or John 1:14
  • Phrases that include pa’kalean or “bodiliness” (also: “human shape”) are for instance used in Romans 6:6 or 1 Peter 2:11 (as well as in Isa 52:14, Isa 53:2, and Lamentations 4:7

(Source: H. van der Veen in The Bible Translator 1952, p. 207ff. )

See also spirit / flesh, old self, and flesh (John 1:14).

complete verse (Galatians 5:17)

Following are a number of back-translations of Galatians 5:17:

  • Uma: “For the evil desires of the heart are at-odds / disagree with the desire of the Holy Spirit, and the desire of the Holy Spirit are at-odds / disagree with the evil desires of the heart. If we follow one, we don’t follow the other. If we follow the desire of the Holy Spirit, we do not do the evil that is in our heart.” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
  • Yakan: “For the will of our (incl.) greedy-desires and the will of God’s Spirit do not agree/line up. These two oppose/are against each other therefore we (dual) cannot do the deeds which we (dual) want to do/be done.” (Source: Yakan Back Translation)
  • Western Bukidnon Manobo: “The evil desires of our (incl.) bodies and the desire of the Holy Spirit cannot agree. Because these two are enemies; therefore, we, cannot always do the good that we would like to do.” (Source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
  • Kankanaey: “Because the desires of our human minds are contrary to the desires of God’s Spirit. The desires also of God’s Spirit are contrary to the desires of our human minds. They are opposed-to-each-another, therefore we are not able-to-do what we want to do.” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
  • Tagbanwa: “Because those congenital evil desires of ours and the desires which the Espiritu Santo puts in our minds/inner-being, they are always opposing each other. These two have really become enemies. Therefore those things we want/intend to do, we cannot accomplish.” (Source: Tagbanwa Back Translation)
  • Tenango Otomi: “Concerning the evil which lights upon our hearts, the Holy Spirit does not approve of it. What the Holy Spirit wants us to do, this is different than the evil that light upon our hearts. This causes differences in our hearts. Many times we can’t do what we want to do.” (Source: Tenango Otomi Back Translation)

Spirit (of God) (Japanese honorifics)

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Like a number of other East Asian languages, Japanese uses a complex system of honorifics, i.e. a system where a number of different levels of politeness are expressed in language via words, word forms or grammatical constructs. These can range from addressing someone or referring to someone with contempt (very informal) to expressing the highest level of reference (as used in addressing or referring to God) or any number of levels in-between.

One way to do this is through the usage (or a lack) of an honorific prefix as shown here in the widely-used Japanese Shinkaiyaku (新改訳) Bible of 2017. When the referent is God, the “divine” honorific prefix mi- (御 or み) can be used, as in mi-tama (御霊) or “Spirit (of God)” in the referenced verses.

(Source: S. E. Doi, see also S. E. Doi in Journal of Translation, 18/2022, p. 37ff. )

See also Holy Spirit

formal 2nd person plural pronoun (Japanese)

Click or tap here to see the rest of this insight.

Like a number of other East Asian languages, Japanese uses a complex system of honorifics, i.e. a system where a number of different levels of politeness are expressed in language via words, word forms or grammatical constructs. These can range from addressing someone or referring to someone with contempt (very informal) to expressing the highest level of reference (as used in addressing or referring to God) or any number of levels in-between.

One way Japanese shows different degree of politeness is through the choice of a formal plural suffix to the second person pronoun (“you” and its various forms) as shown here in the widely-used Japanese Shinkaiyaku (新改訳) Bible of 2017. In these verses, anata-gata (あなたがた) is used, combining the second person pronoun anata and the plural suffix -gata to create a formal plural pronoun (“you” [plural] in English).

(Source: S. E. Doi, see also S. E. Doi in Journal of Translation, 18/2022, p. 37ff. )

Translation commentary on Galatians 5:17

Paul starts this verse with for, which connects it with verse 16. We will not satisfy the desires of the human nature, if we live by the Spirit, because of the fact that human nature and the Holy Spirit are at enmity with each other.

The word translated human nature is “flesh,” and is to be taken in the same sense as in the previous verse. Here flesh and the Spirit are pictured as opposing each other. The contrast between the desires of the human nature and of the Spirit of God may be expressed in some languages as “For what we as human beings want is against what God’s Spirit wants, and what God’s Spirit wants is against what we as human beings want.” There may, however, be difficulties involved in some languages since a verb such as “want” may require a goal. Therefore, one may need to translate “For what we as human beings want to do is against what the Spirit of God wants us to do, and what the Spirit of God wants us to do is against what we as human beings want to do.”

After expressing the conflict, Paul comes up with another statement: These two are enemies, and this means that you cannot do what you want to do.

There are different ways of interpreting these two are enemies. One is to regard this statement as simply a summary of the first part of the verse. On the other hand, the first part of the verse can be taken as a general statement of the conflict, and the second part as a statement of the conflict in the experience of the individual believer. In both cases, the last clause you cannot do what you want to do is interpreted as expressing result. Further, it is neutral, referring to both good and evil desires. What Paul would mean, then, is that since the Spirit and the flesh are in conflict within the believer, this results in the believer’s loss of his freedom.

These two are enemies may be translated as either “What we want to do and what God’s Spirit wants us to do are opposed,” or “We as human beings and God’s Spirit are enemies of one another,” or “… opposed to one another.”

However, a third interpretation of these two are enemies is possible. That is to take you cannot do what you want to do to refer to doing what the flesh wants, which would take Paul’s meaning to be that since the Spirit opposes the flesh, then the believer is not free to do what he wants to do, insofar as following the flesh is concerned. The last part of this verse would then read: “These two are enemies, and this means that if the Spirit directs your lives, you cannot do what you want to do, which is to satisfy the desires of the human nature.”

The merit of this last interpretation is that it connects this verse more closely with both what precedes and what follows.

Quoted with permission from Arichea, Daniel C. and Nida, Eugene A. A Handbook on Paul’s Letter to the Galatians. (UBS Handbook Series). New York: UBS, 1976. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .

SIL Translator’s Notes on Galatians 5:17

5:17a

For: Verse 5:17 explains Paul’s command and statement in 5:16. The Greek introduces this explanation with a conjunction that that the Berean Standard Bible translates as For.

Some English versions do not translate this conjunction. In some languages, it will not be necessary to use a conjunction here either.

the flesh craves what is contrary to the Spirit: The Greek clause that the Berean Standard Bible translates as the flesh craves is similar to the phrase in 5:16b that the Berean Standard Bible translates as “the desires of the flesh.” The difference is that here the word translated as craves is a verb in Greek. The entire clause means that our sinful human nature desires/wants what is against the Holy Spirit.

Some other ways to translate this clause are

What the evil heart/mind desires/wants is against ?what? the Spirit ?desires/wants?
-or-
The sinful nature wants to do evil, which is just the opposite of what the Spirit wants. (New Living Translation (2004))

the flesh: This is the same word as in 5:16b. You should translate it the same way.

See flesh, Meaning 5 in the Glossary.

5:17b

and the Spirit what is contrary to the flesh: In this clause Paul focused on the Spirit’s desires. Just as the sinful nature is opposed to the Spirit, so also the Spirit is opposed to the sinful nature. Paul stated that following the Spirit and gratifying the desires of the sinful nature cannot occur together.

Some other ways to translate this clause are:

likewise what the Spirit desires/wants is against ?what? the evil mind/heart ?desires/wants?
-or-
And the Spirit gives us desires that are the opposite of what the sinful nature desires. (New Living Translation (2004))

Since 5:17a and 5:17b are parallel statements, your translation should also have parallel statements.

flesh: This is the same word as in 5:16b and 5:17a. You should translate it in the same way.

See flesh, Meaning 5 in the Glossary.

5:17c

They are opposed to each other: The word They refers to the flesh and the Spirit. They are opposed to one another.

Some other ways to translate this clause are:

These two are against each other
-or-
The Spirit and the sinful flesh are hostile to each other
-or-
These two things are enemies of each other
-or-
These two disagree with each other

5:17d

so that: Verse 5:17d further explains 5:17a–c. The Greek introduces this explanation with a conjunction that the Berean Standard Bible translates as so that.

Some English versions do not translate this conjunction. In some languages, it will not be necessary to translate this conjunction either.

you do not do what you want: There are several ways to interpret the way this clause is connected to “they are opposed to each other” in 5:17c. The two main interpretations are:

(1) This clause expresses result. The flesh and the Spirit are opposed to each other, and as a result, you cannot do the things you want. For example:

As a result, you don’t always do what you intend to do. (God’s Word)

(2) This clause expresses purpose. The flesh and the Spirit are opposed to each other so that you cannot do the things you want to do. For example:

to prevent you from doing what you would (Revised Standard Version)

It is recommended that you follow interpretation (1), with the majority of English versions.

Some other ways to translate this clause are:

therefore, you cannot do the things that you want to do
-or-
and that is why you are not free to do what you want to do (Phillips’ New Testament in Modern English)

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